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Prescribing > Microbiology and Antibiotics > Flashcards

Microbiology and Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What colour do Gram positive bacteria stain and why?

A

Purple/ blue

due to the presence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall

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2
Q

What kind of infections do gram positive bacteria typically cause?

A

Chest and skin infections

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3
Q

Examples of gram positive bacteria?

A

Gram positive cocci include:

  • Staphylococci (are bunched and include S. aureus which is coagulase positive)
  • Streptococci (form chains and include alpha haemolytic (pneumonia) beta haemolytic (pyogenes) and delta haemolytic forms (enterococci))

Gram positive rods include:

  • Listeria
  • Clostridium
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4
Q

What colour do gram negative bacteria stain?

A

Red/ pink

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5
Q

What kind of infections do gram negative bacteria cause?

A

GI infections and UTI’s

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6
Q

Examples of gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram negative cocci:
- Nisseria

Gram negative rods:
are mainly found as gut flora or lead to bowel infections.
- Enterobacteria including E. coli, proteus and klebsiella

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7
Q

Examples of Beta-Lactam antibiotics?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbopenems

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8
Q

How likely is someone to have an allergic reaction to cephalosporins/ carbopenems if they have had a reaction to penicillin?

A

about 10% chance

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9
Q

What do Beta-Lactam antibiotics act against?

A

Both gram positive and negative.

so they are considered broad spectrum.

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10
Q

Give examples of penicillins in order of increasing spectrum.

A
  • Penicillin V
  • Benzylpenicillin
  • Amoxicillin
  • Flucloxacillin
  • Co-amoxiclav (augmentin - amoxicillin and clavulanic acid)
  • Tazocin (pipperacillin/ tazobactem)
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11
Q

What can you use in conjunction with Penicillin to overcome bacterial resistance through B-lacatamase release?

A

B-lactamase inhibitor

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12
Q

Give examples of Cephalosporins in order of increasing spectrum

A
  • Cefuroxime
  • Ceftriaxone
  • Cefalexin
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13
Q

How many generations of cephalosporins have been developed? and which are better for gram positive vs gram negative?

A

4 generations
Earlier classes better for gram positives
Later classes for gram negative

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14
Q

Give examples of Carbapenems in order of increasing spectrum

A
  • Meropenem

- Etrapenem

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15
Q

When are Macrolides used?

A

When there is penicillin hypersensitivity.

They are broad spectrum but generally less effective than penicillins and so are second line

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16
Q

Give examples of Macrolides in order of increasing spectrum

A
  • Erythromycin
  • Clarithromycin
  • Clindamycin
17
Q

Which antibiotics have a high risk of causing c. diff?

A

Clindamycin = highest risk but others include Meropenem

18
Q

Give the two most common Quinolones and what they are used for

A

Ciprofloxacin

  • effective against gram negative
  • used in gastroenteritis and pyelonephritis

Levofloxacin

  • effective against gram positive
  • used for chest infections
19
Q

Give two examples of Tetracyclines and what they are used for

A

Doxycycline
- most commonly used for atypical chest infections e.g COPD exacerbation

Tetracycline
- used for oral infections

20
Q

Who can’t you give Tetracyclines to and why?

A

Children

because it can penetrate into bone and teeth, blackening them

21
Q

Aminoglycosides are used against what type of bacteria?

A

Gram negative

22
Q

Aminogyclosides are given by what route and why?

A

IV

due to their narrow therapeutic window (nephrotoxic and ototoxic)

23
Q

Give an example of an Aminoglycoside

A

Gentamycin

24
Q

Glycopeptides should never be used with which other class of antibiotic and why?

A

Aminoglycosides

because they are both nephrotoxic

25
Q

Give an example of a Glycopeptide and what it is used to treat?

A

Vancomycin - c. diff and MRSA

26
Q

Metronidazole is used to treat what kind of infections?

A

Anaerobic infections
- caused by anaerobic bacteria that can’t grow in the presence of O2. so they infect deep wounds, deep tissues/ internal organs where there is little O2.

27
Q

What must you not take with Metronidazole?

A

Alcohol

28
Q

Which antibiotic would you use to treat C. difficile (include dose)?

A

Metronidazole 400mg TDS 14/7 AND Vancomycin 500mg QDS 14/7

29
Q

Which antibiotic would you use to treat MRSA? (include dose)?

A

Vancomycin 1g BD (IV)

also Nasal mupirocin and clorhexidine wash to try and prevent spread

30
Q

Which antibiotic would you use to treat S. aureus (include dose)?

A

Flucloxacillin 500mg QDS 5/7

31
Q

Which antibiotic would you use to treat Streptococci?

A

Penicillins

32
Q

Which antibiotic would you use to treat Bacteroides (anaerobes)?

A

Metronidazole

33
Q

Which antibiotic would you use to treat Gut Coliforms?

A

Ciprofloxacin
Gentamycin
Cephalosporins

34
Q

Which antibiotic would you use to treat a UTI (include dose)?

A

1st - Nitrofurantoin 50mg TDS 3/7
2nd - Trimethoprim 200mg BD 3/7

If ascending - Ciprofloxacin 500mg BD 1/52

35
Q

Which antibiotic would you use to treat a LRTI (include dose)?

A

Co-amxiclav 625mg TDS 5/7 AND Clarithromycin 500mg BD 5/7

36
Q

Which antibiotic would you use to treat Sepsis (include dose)?

A

Tazocin 4.5g TDS (IV)

Prescribing (4 decks)

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