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Phase 2A: ICS > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define microbiology

A

Microbiology= the study of living microorganisms

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2
Q

What are the microorganisms that have medical importance

A
  1. ) Bacteria
  2. ) Viruses
  3. ) Fungi
  4. ) Mycobacteria
  5. ) Protozoa
  6. ) Worms
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3
Q

Describe bacteria

A
  • Bacteria enter host via resp/break in skin/break in mucous membrane/GI tract/GU tract
  • They sequester nutrients to outcompete micro-organisms
  • They sense change via cell density
  • They express toxins (toxins=are classified by he tissue they target or molecular actions). These toxins are encoded on chromosomes or plasmids
  • Action of these toxins: produce adhesives which help bacteria to bind to mucosal surface
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4
Q

Describe viruses

A
  • A virus is an infectious obligate intracellular parasite comprising of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a capsid (protein coat).
  • They have various shapes including helical and icosahedral
  • E.g. E-coli
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5
Q

Describe the body’s response to a bacterial pathogen

A
  • Bacteria will elicit an antibody response UNLESS it is intracellular: then it becomes a cell mediated response
  • Three things involved in the host response to bacterial infection:
    1. ) IgA
    2. ) AbC3b
    3. ) Complement
  • Will get a delayed type-hypersensitivity: an immune response that occurs via delayed activation of T-cell types
  • PRR recognise PAMPS on bacteria-> result in inflammatory cytokine or type I interferon expression
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6
Q

Describe mycobacteria

A
  • Mycobacteria are slow growing, rod shaped, gram positive bacilli that are acid-fast (test w the Ziehl-Neelsen test)
  • Has high lipid content with mycolic acids in cell wall
  • Aerobic/survive in macrophages/slow growing
  • The three main groups:
    1. ) M.tuberculosis (most important one)
    2. ) Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)
    3. ) Mycobacterium leprae
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7
Q

Describe protozoa

A
  • Protozoa = single celled organisms with nucleus (eukaryotic)
  • Classified into key categories (with example):
    1. ) Flagellates - giardia lamblia
    2. ) Amoebae - Entamoeba histolytica
    3. ) Sporozan - cryptosporidium spp
    4. ) Ciliates - balantidium coli
    5. ) Microsporidia
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8
Q

List the two main types of immunisation

A

Passive and active

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9
Q

Define passive immunisation

A

The administration of pre-formed ‘immunity’ from one person to another person

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10
Q

Give advantages of passive immunisation

A
  • Provides immediate protection

- Is effective in immunocompromised patients

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11
Q

Give disadvantages of passive immunisation

A
  • Effects are short lived
  • No boosting on exposure to pathogen
  • Possible transfer of pathogens
  • Only works if protection against the disease is mediated by an antibody
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12
Q

List examples of passive immunisation

A
  1. ) HTIG (tetanus)
  2. ) Human rabies
  3. ) HBIG (hep B)
  4. ) VZIG (varicella zoster
  5. ) HNIG
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13
Q

List the diseases that have an available vaccine

A
  1. ) Polio vaccine
  2. ) Influenza vaccine
  3. ) Hepatitis A vaccine
  4. ) Rabies vaccine
  5. ) Rotavirus
  6. ) MMR vaccine
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14
Q

Define a non-living vaccine (whole killed/toxoids)

A

This is when bacteria or viruses are grown in vitro and inactivated using agents such as formaldehyde or beta-propiolactone

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15
Q

What is an advantage of a non-living vaccine

A

It won’t cause infection but the antigens it contains induces an immune response which protects against infection

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16
Q

Describe some of the limitations of non-living vaccines

A

1.) Whole pathogens may cause excessive reactogenicity ad the immune response is not always like the normal response to infection

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17
Q

Give examples of non-living vaccines

A

1.) Bacterial: diphtheria toxoid, cholera heat killed bacteria, tetanus toxins

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18
Q

Give examples of non-living vaccines

A
  1. ) Bacterial: diphtheria toxoid, cholera heat killed bacteria, tetanus toxins
  2. ) Viral: Poli/influenza/hepatitis A/rabies vaccines
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19
Q

Describe the process of exposure in pathogenesis

A
  • exposure via ingestion: e.g. how salmonella and shigella enter the body
    or via inhalation e.g. streptococcus
    or wound e.g. clostridium tetani
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20
Q

Describe the process of adherence in pathogenesis

A
  • bacteris have fimbriae or pili with adhesives

e. g. the adhesives of Neisseria gonorrhoeae bind to oligosaccharide receptors on epithelial cells

21
Q

Describe the process of invasion in pathogenesis

A

-formation of biofilm: sticky webs of bacteria

22
Q

Describe the process of infection in pathogenesis

A
  • By products can cause tissue damage

- bacteria produce toxins and cause cell lysis/trigger destructive immune responses

23
Q

Describe the process the pathogen exiting the host in pathogenesis

A
  • alter their surface proteins
  • hide within cells in the body
  • inactive defences
24
Q

Give examples of conjugation vaccines

A
  • Neisseria meningitis type C
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae-23
  • Haemophilus influenzae type B
  • Malaria
25
Q

Describe the methods for preventing and controlling infections

A
  • Identify risks: to do with the patient and environment
  • Develop strategies to reduce the risks via policy development/education/audit:
  • Environment: design, cleaning, isolation
  • Patients: isolation, antimicrobial stewardship
  • Staff: barrier precautions (PPE), isolation, handashing, disposal of sharps
26
Q

Give some examples of diseases that can spread in hospital

A
  • MRSA
  • norovirus
  • C difficile
27
Q

Describe malaria and species that act as vectors

A
  • Malaria is a type of protozoa that is transmitted by bite of a female anopheles mosquito. 5 species include:
    1. ) Plasmodium falciparum (most severe one)
    2. ) Plasmodium vivax
    3. ) Plasmodium malariae
    4. ) Plasmodium knowlesi
28
Q

What signs present malaria

A
  • Anaemia
  • Jaundice
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
29
Q

Describe some of the common symptoms of malaria

A
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Headache
  • Myalgia
  • Fatigue
  • Vomiting
30
Q

Describe the symptoms you would get with falciparum (more severe as causes microcirculation)

A
  • Cerebra; malaria
  • ARDs (acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • Renal failure
  • Bleeding
  • Shock
31
Q

How would you investigate and diagnose malaria

A

1.) Light microscopy via a blood sample in:
- thick film: does person have malaria or not
- thin film: what species of malaria do they have
OR a rapid diagnostic test: this will detect plasmodium antigens in blood

32
Q

Describe the treatment for malaria

A
  • IV artesunate
    or
  • IV quinine + doxycycline
33
Q

Define active immunisation

A

When the immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies against a particular infectious agent

34
Q

Give advantages of active immunisation

A
  • Protection is long lived
  • Less costly to administer than passive
  • Active immunisation may be reactivated quickly
35
Q

Give disadvantages of active immunisation

A
  • Not suitable as a post exposure remedy

- May not be suitable for immunocompromised patients

36
Q

List examples of active immunisations

A
  1. ) Smallpox vaccination

2. ) TB vaccine

37
Q

What are some examples of viral infections

A
  • CMU: Cytomegalovirus
  • Influenzas
  • Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
  • Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
  • Measles
38
Q

Describe some important examples of flagellates (protozoa)

A
  1. ) African Trypanosmiasis (sleeping sickness: transmitted via tsete fly
  2. ) Americann Trypanosomiasis (changas disease): can be asymptomatic, has acute (get romana sign and lymphadenopathy)+ chronic phase (get cardiomyopathy)
  3. ) Leishmaniasis: cutaneous, produces ulcers, spread via infected sand-fly
39
Q

Describe some important examples of flagellates (protozoa)

A
  1. ) African Trypanosmiasis (sleeping sickness: transmitted via tsete fly
  2. ) Americann Trypanosomiasis (changas disease): can be asymptomatic, has acute (get romana sign and lymphadenopathy)+ chronic phase (get cardiomyopathy)
  3. ) Leishmaniasis: cutaneous, produces ulcers, spread via infected sand-fly
  4. ) Giardiasis (important): spread via faecal-oral route/get cramps, bloating + flatulence/trophozoites seen in stool/treat with metronidazole
40
Q

Describe some important examples of flagellates (protozoa)

A
  1. ) African Trypanosmiasis (sleeping sickness: transmitted via tsete fly
  2. ) Americann Trypanosomiasis (changas disease): can be asymptomatic, has acute (get romana sign and lymphadenopathy)+ chronic phase (get cardiomyopathy)
  3. ) Leishmaniasis: cutaneous, produces ulcers, spread via infected sand-fly
  4. ) Giardiasis (important): spread via faecal-oral route/get cramps, bloating + flatulence/trophozoites seen in stool/treat with metronidazole
  5. ) Trichomonas Vaginalis: get dysuria and yellow frothy discharge
41
Q

Give an example of an amoebae (protozoa)

A

Amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytic):

  • faecal-oral spread
  • get dysentery/colitis
  • trophozoites in stool
42
Q

Give some examples of sporozoa (protozoa)

A
  1. ) Cryptosporidiosis: waterborne/get diarrhoea/oocytes seen in stool
  2. ) Toxoplasmosis: get via ingestion of contaminates food/
  3. ) Malaria
43
Q

Describe fungi

A
  • Fungi kingdom has 6 elements:
    1. ) Microsporidia
    2. ) Chytridiomycota
    3. ) Blastocladiomycota
    4. ) Zygomycota
    5. ) Glomeromycota
    6. ) Basidiomycota
    7. ) Ascomycota
44
Q

Describe the main forms of fungal infections

A
  1. ) Skin infections: caused by dermatophytes (microspora/epidermophyton/trichophyton): e.g. athletes foot
  2. ) Mucosal Infection
  3. ) Invasive infection:
    - candidiasis
    - aspergillosis
    - pneumocystis pneumonia
    - Cryptococcus
45
Q

Describe worms

A

X

46
Q

Examples of gram negative enterobacteria

A
  1. ) E.coli: EPEC/ETEC (small intestine) + EHEC/EIEC/EAEC (large intestine)
  2. ) Shigella: S.dysenteriae/S.flexneri/S.boydi/S.sonnei
  3. ) Salmonella: S.enterica/S.bongori
  4. ) Gastroenteritis/enterocolitis (Serovars Enteritis + Typhimurium)
  5. ) Enteric fever: typhoid (serovars Typhi + Paratyphoid)
  6. ) Bacteraemia (serovars Cholerasuis and bublin)
  7. ) Proteus mirabilis
  8. ) Klebsiella pneumoniae
  9. ) Enterobacteria (not in cc)
  10. ) Yersinia spp (not in cc)
47
Q

Describe e-coli

A

x

48
Q

Describe shigella

A

x

49
Q

Describe salmonella

A

x

Phase 2A: ICS (3 decks)

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