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EENT > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common etiologies for the common cold?

A

Rhinoviruses
Coronaviruses
Adenoviruses
Enteroviruses

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2
Q

What are the common bacterial etiologies for acute otitis media?

A

Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis

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3
Q

What are the common viral etiologies for acute otitis media?

A

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Coronaviruses
Rhinoviruses

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4
Q

What types of microbes are most likely to cause acute sinusitis/rhinosinusitis?

A

Viruses

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5
Q

What are the common viral etiologies for acute sinusitis/rhinosinusitis?

A

Rhinoviruses
Parainfluenza virus
Influenza virus

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6
Q

What are the common bacterial etiologies for acute sinusitis/rhinosinusitis?

A

Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza
Moraxella catarrhalis
Staph aureus (not very common)

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7
Q

What are some fungal infections that can cause acute sinusitis/rhinosinusitis in immunocompromised or diabetic patients?

A

Aspergillus

Mucor

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8
Q

What type of microbes are most likely to cause pharyngitis/tonsillopharyngitis?

A

Viruses

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9
Q

What are the common viral etiologies for pharyngitis/tonsillopharyngitis?

A 
Adenovirus
Influenza virus
Parainfluenza virus
Coronavirus
Rhinovirus
EBV
HSV
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10
Q

What are the common bacterial etiologies for pharyngitis/tonsillopharyngitis?

A 
Group A strep - VERY common
Group C & C strep
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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11
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of pharyngitis/tonsillopharyngitis cause by influenza?

A

Rhinorrhea, sinusitis, cough, hoarseness, fever, myalgia, headache

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12
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of pharyngitis/tonsillopharyngitis caused by EBV (mononucleosis)?

A

Early Sx: Malaise, headache, fever

Late Sx: Pharyngitis, tonsillitis (with or without exudate), cervical lymphadenopathy (anterior AND posterior), high fever, splenomegaly, skin rash

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13
Q

What are the clinical manifestations ofpharyngitis/tonsillopharyngitis caused by HSV-1 infections?

A

Pharyngeal edema, oral ulcers, exudative tonsillitis

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14
Q

What are the clinical manifestations ofpharyngitis/tonsillopharyngitis caused by Streptoccocal infections?

A

Exudative tonsillitis, fever, tender cervical lymphadenopathy (usually anterior), palatal petechiae

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15
Q

What complications can be seen secondary to group A strep pharyngitis?

A

Sinusitis, peritonsillar abscess, retropharyngeal abscess, acute rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis, Scarlet fever

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16
Q

What complications can be seen secondary to influenza infections?

A

Pneumonia, pericarditis, elevated liver enzymes

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17
Q

What is the etiology for croup?

A

Parainfluenza virus

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18
Q

What is the diagnostic signs for croup that can be seen on plain X-ray?

A

Steeple sign

19
Q

What are the common etiologies for laryngitis?

A 
Parainfluenza virus
Rhinoviruses
Strep pyogenes
H. influenzae
M. catarrhalis
20
Q

What are the common etiologies for epiglottitis?

A

H. influenzae type B (most common worldwide)
Strep pneumonia
Strep pyogenes
Staph aureus

21
Q

What is the diagnostic sign for epiglottitis that can be seen on an xray?

A

Thumb sign

22
Q

What are the common etiologies for conunctivitis?

A 
Adenovirus
Staph aureus
Strep pneumoniae
H. influenzae
Non-infections (allergies, foreign body)
23
Q

What are common etiologies for keratitis?

A 
HSV
HZV
Staph aureus
P. aeruginosa
Strep pneumoniae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Acanthamoeba (if you shower/swim wit contacts in)
24
Q

What are common etiologies for uveitis?

A

Infectious (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic)
Inflammatory
Other causes

25
What are the common etiologies for endophthalmitis?
Trauma | infection (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic)
26
What is the general description of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
Gram-positive | Coryneform (club-shaped) bacilli that form "Chinese letters"
27
What is the pathogenesis of Corynebacterium diptheriae?
Diphtheria toxin (DT) is an A-B toxin that induces ADP-ribosylation for Eukaryotic elongation factor-2 (EF-2) that is essential for protein synthesis, and shuts down translation. DT is encoded by a beta-phage. Not all strains of the bacteria have the toxin, but if they come in contact with a strain that has the toxin it can be acquired
28
How is Corynebacterium diphtheriae transmitted?
Respiratory droplets
29
What are the clinical manifestations of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
``` Malaise Fever Pseudomembranous pharyngitis Cervical lymphadenopathy "Bull neck" Myocarditis Arrhythmias Conjunctivitis ```
30
What type of media is used to culture Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
Cystine-tellurite blood agar Tinsdale agar Will appear as black colonies with brown halos
31
What is the general description of Bordetella pertussis?
Aerobic | Gram-negative bacilli or coccobacilli
32
What are the major Bordetella species and what types of infections do they cause?
B. pertussis - main etiology of pertussis (whooping cough) B. parapertussis - causes a milder disease that is similar to whooping cough B. bronchiseptica - causes respiratory infections in birds/mammals. Also acts as an opportunistic human pathogen that causes respiratory/wound infections
33
How is Bordetella pertussis transmitted?
Respiratory droplets Humans are the only reservoirs
34
What is the pathogenesis of Bordetella pertussis?
Main virulence factor: Pertussis toxin (PT) - Mediates ADP-ribosylation of an inhibitory G protein, which leads to: - -Increased adenylate cyclase activity, cAMP, and edema - -Disrupted chemokine receptor signaling, lymphocyte entry into tissues, and lymphocytosis/leukocytosis - -Hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia - -Hypersensitization to histamine Other virulence factors: Filamentous hemagglutinin, pili, and pertactin -allow for attachment to the host cell
35
What types of secretions are used to culture Bordetella pertussis? What types of media are used to grow the cultures?
Nasopharyngeal secretions are cultured on charcoal blood agar with an antibiotic selective agent
36
What types of tests can be done to diagnose whooping cough?
Culture DFA (direct fluorescent antibodies) PCR
37
What is the general description of adenoviruses?
Non-enveloped Icosahedral Linear dsDNA genome 7 subgroups infect humans and are determined by the capsid fibers they contain -can cause respiratory infections, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, and cystitis
38
How are adenoviruses transmitted?
Respiratory droplets Fecal-oral Direct inoculation
39
What is the general description of Epstein-Barr virus?
Gamma-herpes virus dsDNA genome Infection requires repeated exposures to the virus - low contagiousness Etiologic agent in: - Mononucleosis - African Burkitt's/Hodgkin lymphoma - Nasopharyngeal carcinoma and hairy oral leukoplakia
40
What is the pathogenesis of EBV?
EBV receptor is CD21 (CR2) Infection starts at oropharyngeal epithelium then moves to naive tonsillar B cells and then causes viremia and spreads to B cells at remote sites Infection causes 3 outcomes: 1. Lytic infection of epithelial cells or B cells, which produces more virus in the B cells 2. Latent infection in memory B cells 3. Stimulation and immortalization of B cells, which may end up causing malignancies
41
What is the general description for rhinoviruses?
Nonenveloped Icosahedral Positive-sense ssRNA genome Replication occurs in the cytoplasm where the genome acts like mRNA -replicates well at lower temperatures
42
How are rhinoviruses transmitted?
``` respiratory droplets (direct contact) contaminated hands/fomites (indirect contact) ```
43
What is the general description of candida albicans?
Most common clinically significant species of Candida Yeast with a single bud or psuedohyphae -forms true hyphae in tissue
44
What tests can be used to diagnose Candida albicans?
Germ tube testing PCR MALDI-TOF mass spec

EENT (2 decks)

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