Microbiology Flashcards
What are the two forms of yeasts?
oval and circular
List the different types of sexual spores produced by fungi according to phylum
ascospores, basidiospores, zygospores
What type of microbial fermentation is used in the production of yogurt ?
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) fermentation
List three benefits of fungi
1) ecological (recyclers, saprophrytic)
2) food source (mushrooms, yeast fermentation)
3) antibiotic
Yeasts typically reproduce by ______ byt some species may form ______ if buds do not separate.
budding; spores
Why should you be concerned with H2S production during wine production?
it would give wine rotten egg flavor
What are 3 easy ways to remember the 3 fungi phylum?
1) Zygomycota: “zygo”=to come together
2) Ascomycota, sac fungi, re-arrange “sac” to get “Asc”
3) Basidomycota, “basido” comes from the greek for mushrooms
The tubular structures forming the filaments of molds are called _______ while the entire visible mass of fungal growth is referred to as a ______.
hyphae; mycelium
If yeasts are involved in fermenting bread dough, why do you not get drunk from eating a sandwich? Is there any alcohol at all in breads
alcohol burned off during baking; yes a little
What are the two general types of spores?
1) sporangiospores
2) conidia
What does saprophrytic mean?
eat dead stuff
List three reasons why fungi are not classified as plants
1) fungi have chitin not cellulose (cell wall)
2) fungi have no cell differentiation (plants do)
3) fungi are chemoheterotrophs (plants=photoautotrophs)
What are the two parts of the mycelium and functions of each?
1) vegatative- anchors and absorbs nutrients
2) aerial- reproduce via spore production
Why might microbes not involved in the fermentation processes be added to the yogurt?
probiotics for gut and immune health
Which club fungi is also known as the conjugation fungi?
Zygomycota
What is meant by dimorphic fungi? What controls this behavior and wht is the potential benefit to the fungus?
Dimorphic fungi=can live as yeast or fungi; benefit: survival value (e.g. room temp AND physiologic temp)
Which fungi phylum are also known as the club fungi
Basidiomycota
Differentiate between asexual sporangiospores and conidia.
asexual sporangiospores are formed 1) INSIDE the 2) SPORANGIUM; conidia are formed 1) EXTERNALLY to the 2) CONIDIOPHORE
What are 4 ways that microbes cn benefit hmans
1) increase flavor of food
2) increase nutritional content
3) food preservation
4) make food (yogurt, alcohol)
Fungi from the phylum _____ produce classc mushrooms and puffballs to distribute sexual spores while members of the phylum _____ produce sexual spores within an ascus.
Basidiomycota; Ascomycota
If wine is spoiled by Acetobacter what would the end result be? How would this affect the taste of the wine?
acetic acid; vinegar taste
How might the fermentation of food by microbes be useful in food preservation?
the growth of some microbes can inhibit the growth of others, potnetially increasing shelf life
What is an example of a pathogenic fungi and what is the condition called when someone is infected (generally) by a fungus
Candida; mycoses
What fungi phylum is also known as the sac fungi
Ascomycota
What are phialides?
finger like projections of conidia spores
True or false: when grown on solid surfaces yeasts can behave like bacteria
True
When juice is fermented, what component of the juice is being fermented and what are the products
sugars; CO2 and alcohol
Differentiate between yeasts and, molds and fleshy funi
yeasts are unicellular, molds are multicellular; fleshy fungi are 1 type of phylum of fungi in general (Basidiomycota)
What is phylogeny?
a process that involves establishing an evolutionary history between organisms
Who established the modern 3 domain system?
Carl Woese
What is the most specific name for an organism?
its “specific epithet”
What is a specific epithet?
the most specific name for an organism
What is the proper, scientific way of naming an organism?
Genus (upper case) followed by the specific epithet (lower case); the whole thing is in italics
Species are usually defined in terms of their ability to breed with one another. Prokaryotes are asexual however. How then are they classified?
a population of cells with similar characteristics
What is the difference between a clone and strain, in the context of prokaryotes?
clones of original cell that make up an original cell vs strains which represent the genetic variations w/n a population
Given that viruses are not composed of cells, how are they classified taxonomically?
based on similar characteristics that occupy the same ecological niche, i.e. host
What is the difference between the Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology and Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology?
The first identifies bacteria and archaea whereas the other is involved in classifying bacteria/archaea
What is the difference between identifying and classifying prokaryotes?
Identifying unknown prokaryotes used morphology and biochemical analysis to identify unknown prokaryotes; classifying prokaryotes involves establishing relationship between the prokaryote in question using rRNA sequencing
True or False: Acid fast stains, gram stains, and flagella stains all could be used to classify bacteria.
False; these methods could be used to IDENTIFY prokaryotes
True or False: biochemical tests and acids fast stains are both methods that could be used to identify an unknown organism.
True; these could NOT be used to classify an organism, i.e. tell us anything about phylogeny
What are 5 ways of identifying bacteria?
1) stains, 2) biochemical assays, 3) rapid identification, 4) serology, 5) phage typing
Mental palace: I have a STAIN on my ASS as I RAPIDLY eat my CEREAL and a FAG TYPES next to me
What are the 5 methods used to identify AND classify an unknown organism?
1) DNA base composition, 2) DNA fingerprinting, 3) rRNA sequencing, 4) PCR, 5) nucleic acid hybridization
Mental palace: A DiNAsour wearing a A CHAIN with RUBY SEQUENCES carries around a BASIC COMPOSITION book filled with DINOSAUR FINGERPRINTS and nuclear acid ingredients.
A group of bacteria sharing a common ancestor is referred to as a ______.
phylum
How are bacteria differentiated into different phyla?
small subunit rRNA
What is the difference between emerging, deep branching and well known bacteria?
emerging-new; deep branching- really different/extremophiles; well-known- been around a whie
What are the 5 well known bacteria phyla?
1) proteobacteria (biggest, ost gram -)
2) cyanobacteria
3) spirochetes
4) chlamydiae
5) planctomycetes
Plankton has clamidia so he likes to eat cyanide, drink protein and chunk spears.
what is the largest phyla of well known bacteria?
protebacteria
Where would you expect to find most of the gram negative bacteria?
proteobacteria
What does “-ales” indicate?
an order
What are heterocysts? In what phylum would you expect to find these?
structure for nitrogen fixation; cyanobacteria
what is the only example of multicellularity in prokaryotes? (Give the phylum name)
cyanobacteria
what is the phylum that is known for having very unusal cell walls? what is unusual about the cell wall?
chlamydiae; no PTG
Which of the phylum is known for having a very complex life cycle?
chlamydiae
What is unique about the spirochetes?
they have the axial filaments
Which phylum is unique in that it has axial filaments?
spirochetes
This phylum causes Lyme disease and syphillis
spirochetes
If you took a swab of someone’s mouth, which phylum of bacteria would you most likely find?
bacteroidetes, they inhabit the human microbiome
A defining feature of prokaryotes is that they do not have a nucleus. Which phylum has a sort protonucleus, with membrane bound DNA?
planctomycetes
Plankton! Plankton talks so he’s more evolved than the others.
Which gram negative phylum contain the ony species of true extremophiles?
Deinococcus-thermus
What are the 2 gram + phyla? What separates the two from each other?
firmicutes and actinobacteria; amount of C + G base pairs
Firm cuties be actin out??
One of the phyla of gram positive contains the more medically relevant bacteria whereas the other is the largest of the two. Which is which?
firmicutes; actinobacteria
actinobacteria is the larger of the two words
