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Year 1 MBChB Principles > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogen

A

Harmful organism

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2
Q

Commensal

A

Organism that is part of the normal flora

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3
Q

Opportunistic Pathogen

A

Probably only cause infection in immunocompromised individuals

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4
Q

Contaminent

A

Organism that has got into a culture by accident

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5
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability of a microorganism to produce a disease

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6
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity of an organism

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7
Q

How do bacteria replicate

A

Binary Fission

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8
Q

3 types of atmosphere

A

Aerobic- In presence of Oxygen
Anaerobic- No O2 present
Microaerophilic-Reduced O2 concentration and enriched CO2

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9
Q

Microaerophilic

A

Reduced O2 concentration and enriched CO2

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10
Q

What do Moulds produce?

A

Produce spores and hyphae

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11
Q

Example of mould

A

Aspergillus

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12
Q

Yeast

A

Single cells that reproduce by budding

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13
Q

Example of yeast

A

Candida

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14
Q

Streptococcus-
Conditions
Shape
Haemolysis

A

Aerobic
Cocci chains
Alpha (partial) Strep pneumoniae/viridans
Beta (Complete)- Group A &Group B strep

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15
Q

Group A strep?

A

Throat/skin infection

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16
Q

Group B strep?

A

Neonatal meningitis

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17
Q 
Enterococcus- 
Conditions
Shape
Haemolysis
Role
A

Aerobic
Cocci chains
Non-haemolytic
Normal gut commensal and cause of UTIs

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18
Q 
Staphylococcus- 
Shape
Test for aureus
Antibiotic for aureous
Aureus is common cause for
A

Cocci Clusters
Coagulase positive= staph aureus= wound/skin infections (Golden)
Flucloxacillin
Bacteraemia

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19
Q

Coagulase negative test

A

Staph epidermis (white)
Normal skin commensal
IV line infections

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20
Q

Mechanism of Fever?

A

Antigen attacks macrophage
Releases cytokines
They travel to anterior hypothalamus of brain
This stimulates the production of prostoglandin E
Which resets body’s thermal set point
Body percieves it is cold, shivers to conserve heat

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21
Q

Purpose of Fever?

A

Growth of pathogen is slow if temperature increases

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22
Q

Examples of gram -ve cocci?

A

Neisseria gonhorrhoea

Neisseria Meningitidis

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23
Q

Gram negative cocci-

Conditions

A

Aerobic

Diplococci- appear in pairs on Gram Film

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24
Q

Coliforms-
Gram
Shape
Conditions

A

Negative
Bacilli
Aerobic but can also be anaerobic
Can be part of normal bowel flora

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25
Q

Coliform Gut commensals?

A

E Coli
Proteus spp.
Klebsiella

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26
Q

Coliform Gut pathogens?

A

E coli 0157
Salmonella
Shigella

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27
Q

Examples of strict aerobes

A

Gram Negative Bacilli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Legionella pneumophilia

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28
Q

Spiral/curved gram negative bacilli-

A

Campylobacter- food poisoning

Helicobacter pylori- Gastritis

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29
Q

Common cause of chest infection?

A

Haemophilus Influenzae

Small gram negative bacillus

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30
Q

Gram positive anaerobic bacilli examples?

A

Clostridium
Part of normal bowel flora
Produces spores
Produces exotoxin- cause severe tissue damage

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31
Q

Gram negative anaerobic bacilli

A

Bacteroides spp

Normal Gut commensals, only pathogenic in other sites

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32
Q

What is metrondiazole a first line for?

A

Infections caused by anaerobes

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33
Q

What cells are prokaryote?

A

Bacteria

Fungi

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34
Q

Protozoan diseases of man?

A

Malaria

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35
Q

Gram Negative bacteria examples?

A 
Neisseria 
Escherichia
Klebsiella
Enterobachter 
Proteus
Salmonella
Shigella
Haemophilus
Pseudomanas
Bacteroides
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36
Q

Gram Positive bacteria?

A 
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Enterococcus
Clostridium
Fusobacterium
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37
Q

1st antibiotic used for Coliforms?

A

Gentamicin

38
Q

Body temp?

A

37 degrees

39
Q

Sepsis?

A

Small blood vessesl become leaky lose fluid into tissues

Lower blood volume requires heart to work harder to maintain oxygenation of tissues

Poor tissue oxygen perfusion means blood supply to less essential organs

Blood clotting system is activated causing blood clotting in tiny blood vessels- using up all blood clotting factors

40
Q

Genetics of bacteria?

A

Plasmid and Chromosomes

41
Q

3 methods of gene transfer?

A

Transduction
Transformation
Conjugation

42
Q

Transformation

A

DNA from dead bacteria is taken up by living bacteria and incorperated into plasmids or chromsomes

43
Q

Conjugation

A

Sex pillus formed by one bacteria through which plasmid DNA can be transferred

44
Q

Transduction

A

Virus infecting bacteria can transfer bits of DNA from one bacterium to another

45
Q

Standard infection precautions

A

For all patients all the time eg hand washing, PPE etc

46
Q

Transmission based infection control

A

For patients with suspected known infections

47
Q

Antibiotics?

A

Drugs used to treat or prevent infection caused by microorganisms

48
Q

Bactericidal

A

Kill antibodies

49
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Inhibit bacterial growth

50
Q

Which antibiotics work on the cell wall?

A

Penicillin, cephalosporins, glycopeptides (vancomycin)

51
Q

Gram positive Phospholipid bilayer?

A

1

52
Q

Gram negative phospholipid bilayer?

A

2

53
Q

How do penicillins inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

Prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan sub-units

54
Q

What method are penicillins?

A

Bactericidal

55
Q

What coulf flucoxacillin treat?

A

Cellulitis
Wound infection
Skin/soft tissue infection

56
Q

What method are cephalosporins?

A

Bactericidal

57
Q

Beta lactam antibiotics?

A

Cephalosporins

Penicillins

58
Q

How are cephalosporins excreted?

A

Kidneys

59
Q

How glycopeptides work?

A

Bind to end of growing chain and prevent cross-linking and weakens bacterial cell wall

60
Q

Glycopeptides method?

A

Bactericidal

61
Q

What are glycopeptides only active against?

A

Gram positive cell walls

62
Q

How are glycopeptides excreted?

A

Urine

63
Q

Exampple of glycopeptide

A

Vancomycin

64
Q

Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Macrolides
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides

65
Q

Method of tetracyclines and macrolides?

A

Bacteriostatic

66
Q

Aminoglycosides method?

A

Bactericidal

67
Q

example of tetracyclines?

A

Doxycycline

68
Q

What are aminoglycosides mainly effective against?

A

Gram negative aerobic organisms

69
Q

Macrolides-
excreted?
Useful because?

A

Biliary tract

Lipophilic so pass through cell membranes easily- good for infections where bacteria hides from Immune system

70
Q

Tetracyclines?
Range
Excreted

A 
Broad spectrum (can destruct intestinal flora= secondary infections)
Biliary tract
71
Q

How are aminoglycosides excreted and what is there problem?

A

Urine

Toxic to kidneys

72
Q

How metrondiazole acts?

A

Causes strand breakage of bacterial DNA

73
Q

How trimethoprim works?

A

Inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis

74
Q

What trimethoprim works on

A

Some gram negative and some gram positive

75
Q

How fluoroquionolones work?

A

Prevents supercoiling of bacteria

76
Q

Side effects of fluoroquinolones?

How it’s excreted?

A

Weakens Tendons
Causes seizures
Excreted in urine

77
Q

General antibiotics side effects?

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhoea

78
Q

Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy?

A

Gentamicin
Fluoroquinolones
Tetracyclines

79
Q

Antibiotics to avoid first 3 months of pregnancy?

A

Trimethoprim

Metrondiazole

80
Q

MRSA resistance?

A

Change in bacterial DNA can cause change in gene product which is the target of antibiotic

81
Q

Resistance mechanism 2?

A

Destruction of antibiotic-

bacteria can code for enzymes that chemically degrade/ inactivate antibiotic

82
Q

Resistance mechanism 3?

A

Increases Efflux-

Efflux pumps actively export amtibiotics out of bacterial cell; genetic change may result in increased rate of efflux

83
Q

6 stages of virus replication?

A 
Attachment
Entry 
Uncoating
Nucleic acid and protein synthesis 
Assembly 
Release
84
Q

Attachment

A

Interact with specific receptors in target cells

85
Q

Entry of virus replication

A

Endocytosis

86
Q

Uncoating in viral replication

A

Nucleic acid and proteins unpacked together

87
Q

Nucelic acid and protein synthesis is viral replication

A

Host ribsomes used (or sometimes host polymerases)

88
Q

Assembly in viral replication

A

Nucleic acids and proteins packed back together

89
Q

Release in viral replication?

A

Budding-Virus released with envelope developed from host cell membrane. Doesn’t kill cell

Lysis- Virus accumulates until cell bursts. Kills cell

90
Q

What do cytoxic T lymphocytes do?

A

Recognise proteins on cell surface as being foreign and will signal infected cells to commit suicide in order to prevent formation of new viruses

91
Q

Examples of neutralizing antibodies?

A

IgM, IgG

92
Q

Neutralizing antibodies function?

A

Prevent viruses binding to cellular receptors

Year 1 MBChB Principles (5 decks)

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