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IOE > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is meant by host-microbe homeostasis?

A

health is maintained as there is a balanced state between host and microbes.

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2
Q

what do organisms grow within?

A

a biofilm

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3
Q

what is a biofilm?

A

communities of bacteria that adhere to a surface and embed within a extracellular matrix of microbial and host origin.

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4
Q

why do organisms grow in biofilms?

A

gives them better tolerance to antimicrobial agents and host defences.

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5
Q

what are examples of eukaryotic cells found in the mouth?

A
  • Fungi
  • Yeast (candida)
  • Protoza
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6
Q

what is an example of prokaryotic cells found in the mouth?

A
  • archaebacteria

- eubacteria

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7
Q

what is the difference between archaebacteria and eubacteria?

A

archaebacteria requires extremely anaerobic environments.

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8
Q

what are the different morphological types of bacteria?

A
  • rods/bacilli
  • cocci
  • coccobacilli
  • vibrio/ curved rods
  • spirilla
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9
Q

what does being gram-possitive bacteria mean?

A

have a different type of cell wall that means it is able to exist as resistant dominate structures (endospores) and they can resist environmental stress for example heat.

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10
Q

what is different about viruses when compared with other organisms?

A

they reply on other cells to synthesis their matter and to reproduce.
not sensitive to anti-biotics

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11
Q

what is a main bacterial growth in vivo?

A

supragingival plaque - grow on the cell surface or within epithelial cells.

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12
Q

where do viruses get nutrient from in vivo?

A

from tissue fluid, eg saliva and gingival cirvicular fluid

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13
Q

what can carbohydrate metabolism cause in the mouth?

A

caries production.

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14
Q

how would you know if there is a gram-positive result?

A

keep the stain, would appear purple in a microscope.

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15
Q

how would you know if there is a gram-negative result?

A

doesnt keep the stain, appears pink in a microscope.

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16
Q

what are the main microbial communities of the human body?

A
  • MOUTH
  • skin
  • axilla
  • stomach
  • intestine
  • UG tract.
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17
Q

what are prions?

A

non-cellular microorganisms.

they are not living.

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18
Q

what are distinct sites in the mouth for colonisation?

A
  • mucosal surfaces
  • teeth
  • saliva
  • GCF
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19
Q

what factors can influence colonisation and survival of microorganisms in the mouth?

A
  • temp
  • redox potential / O2 concentration
  • pH
  • nutrients
  • host defences
  • host genetics
  • host lifestyle.
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20
Q

what is the normal pH for saliva between?

A

6.2-7.6

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21
Q

what are the 3 types of plaque on the teeth?

A
  • fissure plaque
  • approximal plaque
  • subgingival plaque
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22
Q

what is needed to grow bacteria in isolation in pure culture?

A
  • blood agar
  • mitis salivarius bacitracin agar (mutans streptococci)
  • sabouraud agar (yeasts)
  • anaerobic or high CO2 conditions.
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23
Q

what can you use to identify different microorganisms?

A
  • gram-stain
  • morphology
  • haemolysis
  • pigment
  • metablic activity
  • antigens
  • cellular composition
  • DNA
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24
Q

if a bacteria is gram-positive what is their cell wall composed of?

A

thick peptidoglycan cell wall outside of the lipid bilayer.

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25
Q

if a bacteria is gram-negative what is their cell wall composed of?

A

thin peptidogylycan layer with a lipid bilayer either side.

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26
Q

what microorganisms inside the mouth are gram-positive cocci?

A
  • S. Oralis
  • S. Mitis
  • S. sanguininis
  • S. intermedius
  • S. mutans
  • S. Sobrinus
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27
Q

what streptococcus’s are found in caries?

A
  • S. mutans

- S. Sobrinus

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28
Q

what microorganisms inside the mouth are gram-positive rods?

A
  • Actinomyces
  • Lactobacillus
  • Eubacterium
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29
Q

where is Actinomyces implicated in the development of?

A

root caries.

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30
Q

where is Lactobacillus implicated in the development of?

A

advanced dental caries.

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31
Q

what microorganisms inside the mouth are gram-negative cocci?

A
  • neisseria

- veilonella

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32
Q

what microorganisms inside the mouth are gram-negative rods?

A
  • Aggregatibacter
  • fusobacterium
  • porphyromonas
  • temponema
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33
Q

name some different methods of molecular typing.

A
  • 16rRNA
  • FISH
  • DGGE
  • DNA-DNA checkerboard
  • HOMIM
  • Next Generation Sequencing.
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34
Q

what organisms are not found in the mouth if you have no teeth?

A
  • S. Sanguinis
  • S. Mutans
  • Strict anaerobes
35
Q

what happens to the microorganisms in the mouth in old age?

A
  • colonisation by non-oral bacteria

- decline of host responses.

36
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

a microbe capable of causing host damage/disease

37
Q

what is a OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN?

A

an organism that is a member of the resident microbiota or normally inhabiting the external environment that causes infection under certain circumstances.

38
Q

what is a symbiont?

A

member of the resident microbiota that confers benefit to the host.

39
Q

what is a pathobiont?

A

member of the resident microbiota that causes disease when loss of the normal balance between the host and resident microbiota (dysbiosis) occurs.

40
Q

what is a dysbiont?

A

imbalances in the resident human microbiota, or our responses to them.

41
Q

what oral microbiota’s can cause caries?

A

Streptococcus mutans
Lactobacillus spp.
Actinomyces spp.

42
Q

what oral microbiota’s can cause Periodontal disease?

A

Porphyromonas gingivalis
Tannerella forsythia
Aggregatibacterium
actinomycetemcomitans
Spirochaetes

43
Q

what oral microbiota’s can cause abscesses?

A

Streptococci
actinomyces
Gram-negative anaerobes

44
Q

what oral microbiota’s can cause Candidosis?

A

Candida spp.

45
Q

what are the ecological stresses that effect microbial homeostasis?

A
  • host defences
  • diet
  • hormons
  • exogenous.
46
Q

in what would you find endogenous nutrients?

A
  • saliva

- GCF

47
Q

what are the endogenous nutrients in saliva?

A
  • amino acids
  • peptide and proteins
  • vitamins
  • glycoproteins
  • gases
48
Q

what are the endogenous nutrients in GCF?

A
  • albumin
  • proteins
  • glycoproteins
  • haem.
49
Q

where would bacteria find exogenous nutrients?

A
  • fermentable carbs
  • dairy products.
  • alternative sweetners.
50
Q

what 2 ways can bacteria get nutrients to survive in the oral cavity?

A
  • saccharolytic (break down of sugar into acids)

- asaccharolytic (break down of proteins/peptides into acids)

51
Q

what type of diet can encourage some microorganism that thrive in acidic conditions?

A

high carb diets.

52
Q

why is it important to remember about food chains when understand bacteria in the mouth?

A
  • bacteria can break down products into acids but then microorganisms in the mouth then then break these acids down into weak acids reducing the caries risk.
53
Q

how does yeast reproduce?

A

asexually via budding

54
Q

how does bacteria reproduce?

A

splits into 2 daughter cells

55
Q

how does viral reproduce?

A

as its non-cellular it has to use a host cell.

56
Q

what are some environmental parameters in the mouth that influences microorganism growth?

A
  • host defences
  • availability of nutrients
  • temp
  • O2 / redox potential
  • pH
  • antimicrobial compounds.
57
Q

what type of organisms grow best at lower temps?

A

psychrophiles - optimum temp = 20c

58
Q

what type of organisms grow best at body temp?

A

mesophiles - optimum temp = 40c

59
Q

what type of organisms grow best at higher temp?

A

thermophiles - optimum temp = 60c

60
Q

what is meant by obligate aerobe?

A

require O2 to survive.

61
Q

what is meant by facultative anaerobe?

A

can grow with and without O2

62
Q

what is meant by microaerophile?

A

can grow with and without O2

63
Q

what is meant by aerotolerant anaerobe?

A

requires absence of O2

64
Q

what is meant by obligate anaerobe?

A

needs complete absence of O2 otherwise it will die.

65
Q

what is meant by redox potential?

A

tendency of a solution to take up or give up electrons.

66
Q

what is meant by acidohiles?

A

grow rates best in more acidic conditions.

67
Q

what is meant by neutrophiles?

A

grow rates best in more neutral conditions.

68
Q

what is meant by alkalophiles?

A

grow rates best in more alkaline conditions.

69
Q

how does resting pH effect dental plaque?

A

some organisms will grow:

  • S. sanguininis
  • actinomyces naeslundii
  • neisseria
70
Q

how does low pH effect dental plaque?

A
  • favours aciduric species.
71
Q

how does high pH effect dental plaque?

A
  • promotes growth of some anaerobes.
72
Q

what do penicillins do to bacteria?

A
  • kill them via cell wall synthesis
73
Q

what does metronidazole do to bacteria?

A
  • kills them via activity against anaerobes.
74
Q

what are the 7 stages of biofilm formation?

A

1) Conditioning film
2) transport of microbes
3) reverable phase
4) irreversible phase
5) secondary colonisation (co-adhesion)
6) growth and matrix synthesis
7) detachment.

75
Q

what happens during the conditioning film phase of biofilm production?

A
  • forms rapidly

- derived from saliva, GCF and microbes.

76
Q

what happens during the transport of microbes phase of biofilm production?

A

saliva moves organism around the mouth.

77
Q

what happens during the reverable phase of biofilm production?

A

organism form weak and long range bonds.

78
Q

what happens during the irreversible phase of biofilm production?

A

microbes join to the conditioning film, allowing for a molecule on top for 2nd collinisors to join.

79
Q

what happens during the co-adhesion phase of biofilm production?

A

bridging of early and late colonisers,

80
Q

what happens during the biofilm maturation of biofilm production?

A
  • microbes interact metabolically working together to break down other organisms.
  • food chains
  • matrix is formed.
81
Q

what bacteria is nicknames ‘corn-cob’?

A
  • streptococci
82
Q

what is the surface of the biofilm environment like?

A
  • higher nutrients
  • lower metabolic products
  • high O2
83
Q

what is the deep surface of the biofilm environment like?

A
  • lower nutrients
  • higher metabolic products
  • lower O2
84
Q

how does dental plaque as a biofilm increase tolerance to antimicrobial agents?

A
  • penetration - harder to get through
  • inactivation and neutralisation
  • novel phenotype
  • slow growth rate of bacteria
  • community interacts.

IOE (5 decks)

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