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CPR Finals > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

The only two gram positive bacteria we need to know

A

Strep Pneumoniae and staph aureus

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2
Q

Discuss the structures of our gram positive bacteria

A

Strep Pneumoniae is a diplococci

Staph Aureus is a cocci in clusters

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3
Q

When do we see strep pneumoniae? What about staph aureus?

A

Strep - Most frequent community aquired and most common in debilitated and elderly.

Staph - Often a complication of influenza, viral pneumoniaes or blood borne infection in IV drug abusers. Also seen in hospitalized patients, the elderly and those with chronic lung diseases.

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4
Q

Presentation of staph aureus vs strep pneumoniae?

A

Bronchopneumonia with staph, strep is lobar and produces rust colored sputum

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5
Q

Complications and treatment for Strep Pneumoniae?

A

Comp - Empyema

Treatment - PCNs, cephalosporins, macrolides, some quinolones

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6
Q

Complications for Staph Aureus and treatment?

A

Comp - Abscess, empyema, bacterial endocarditis

Treat with oxacillin, nafcillin, vancomycin, linezolid

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7
Q

This gram negative coccobacillus requires hematin and NAD+ for culture

A

H Influenza

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8
Q

In whom and in what way does H. Influenza present?

A

Usually infants but we can see it in adults with COPD.

Bronchopneumonia

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9
Q

Complications and treatment for H. Influenza

A

Comp - Meningitis, epliglottitis in infants and kids

Treat with cephalosporins or TMP-SMX

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10
Q

How do we distinguish between Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

They are both gram negative rods!

Klebsiella is more frequent in diabetic or alcoholic patients with a high mortality rate in the elderly.

Pseudomonas appears blue-green when cultured and is a common cause of nosocomial pneumonia and pneumonia in immune compromised and CF patients

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11
Q

Complications of Klebsiella and how we treat it

A

Large amounts of damage to the alveolar walls leading to necrosis and abscess formation..

Treat with aminoglycosides and cephalosporins

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12
Q

Complications of Pseudomonas and how we treat it

A

Focal hemorrhage and necrosis

Treat with combination therapy of cillins and gentamicin

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13
Q

What bacteria requires special charcoal yeast agar with iron and cysteine?

A

Legionella

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14
Q

Legionella has a relatively high mortality rate if left untreated. How do we treat it?

A

Macrolides and quinolones

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15
Q

What bacteria produces red currant-jelly sputum? What type of PNA do we see with this bacteria?

A

Klebsiella and we typically see a bronchopneumonia

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16
Q

Discuss the characteristics of moraxella catarrhalis and who we see it in

A

This is a gram negative diplococci seen in the elderly and patients with COPD.

It constitutes a bronchopneumonia

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17
Q

How do we treat M. Catarrhalis?

A

Cephalosporins, macrolides, quinolones

18
Q

Aspiration pneumoniae usually contains these bacteria and we treat them this way:

A

Bacteria that are native to you! Treatment is just PCN and clindamycin

19
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is our young adult pneumonia. As a review, what kind of PNA does it cause and what is it associated with it.

A

Interstitial and is associated with nonspecific cold agglutinins

20
Q

This bacteria is found in parrot feces and causes a certain condition

A

C. Psittaci and it causes psittacosis

21
Q

Chlamydophila pneumoniae is a ___ bacteria that targets ____ and causes ____ PNA.

A

Obligate intracellular
Columnar epithelium
Interstitial

22
Q

We treat Chlamydophila with this (in your answer provide an example of each)

A

Macrolides like erythromycin

Tetracyclines like Doxycycline

23
Q

Complications of Coxiella and how we treat it

A

Can cause hepatitis or myocarditis.

We treat with Doxycycline

24
Q

We have a bunch of viral pneumonias that can get kids. Which ones can we treat and how?

A

Influenza A:: Amantadine and rimantadine
Influenza A and B: Zanamavir and oseltamivir
RSV (Prophylactically): Palivizumab and ribavirin

25
Q

This is an AIDs defining classic sign

A

Ground glass opacitis on CT, associated with Pneumocystis jirovecci.

We can also see on silver stain alveolar cysts

26
Q

How do we treat AIDS bacteria?

A

TMP-SMX: Always give prophylactically if CD4+ count is less than 200

27
Q

What yeasts do we need to be aware of

A

Candida Albicans

Cryptococcus neoformans

28
Q

How do the two yeasts we need to know present?

A

Candida Albicans - Fever, tachypnea, patchy infiltrates on chest film

Cryptococcus Neoformans - Often asymptomatic, but can have productive cough, fever, and weight loss

29
Q

Discuss who we tend to get candida albicans in and how we deal with it

A

This is a very uncommon cause of PNA, however in immune-compromised patients this can present in a hematogenous spread.

We treat with Amphotericin B and fluconazole

30
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans is associated with this finding and can lead to this.

A

Associated with pigeon poop and can lead to cryptococcal meningitis.

31
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans treatment

A

Cryptococcal meningitis - Give amphotericin B with Flucytosine

If it is non-CNS cryptococcis, give Fluconazole

32
Q

Narrow angle branching hyphae = what and how do we treat

A

Aspergillus. Treat with amphotericin B or itraconazole

33
Q

Asperigillus is a ____

A

mold

34
Q

Blastomycoses, coccidiodomycoces and histoplasmosis are all what?

A

Dimorphic fungi

35
Q

Blastomycoses and coccidiomycoces presentation

A

Present with constitutional symptoms.

Blasto - Skin lesions, bone lesions, GU involvement
Coccidio - CP, HA

36
Q

Our dimorphics present in different locations.Where are they?

A

Blasto - Midwest and Southeast U.S.
Coccidio - Southwest U.S., Mexico, South America
Histoplasmosis - River valleys of central U.S.

37
Q

Cellularity of Blasto

A

Budding yeast inhaled from soil that causes PNA like lung disease.

38
Q

Cellularity of histoplasmosis

A

Round/oval yeast from soil contaminated by bat and bird shit. Elicits caseating granuloma formation in tissue.

Can cause multisystem issues with infiltrating macrophages filled with intracellular fungi.

39
Q

Ceullarity of Coccidio

A

Fungal spherules containing endospores are found within granulomas.

40
Q

Treatment for our dimorphic yeasts

A

Blasto - Ampho B or itraconazole
Histo - Ampho B with or without itraconazole
Coccidio - Ampho B and/or surgery

41
Q

Appearance and testing for cryptococcus

A

Organism’s encapsulated appearence can be seen with India ink stain and latex agglutination test

CPR Finals (6 decks)

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