Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CPR Part II > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Common URIs

nasopharynx =

A

viruses! rhinovirus

coronavirus, coxsackie A/B, influenza C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Common URIs

oropharynx =

A

streptococcus pyogenes (“GpA Strep”)
corynebacterium diptheria
EBV, adenovirus, enterovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Common URIs

middle ear/parasinuses =

A

streptococcus pneumonia
haemophilus influenzae (non-encapsulated)
(think how pneumonia can cause otitis media)
also - moraxella catarrhalis, GpA strep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Common URIs

epiglottis =

A

haemophilus influenzae type b

(think how pneumonia can cause epiglottitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Streptococcus Pyogenes/GpA Strep

ID/Diagnosis

A

Gm+ cocci in chains
catalase negative (=streptococci, not staphylococcus)
beta-hemolytic (clear hemolysis)
bacitracin sensitive (= streptococcus pyogenes)
ASO+ (anti-streptolysin O Ab is present)
confirm via commercial test w/ latex beads
*even if rapid test (RADT) is –ve, perform a GAS culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Streptococcus Pyogenes/GpA Strep

Clinical Presentation

A

pharyngitis = inflammation of oropharynx, petechiae on soft palate; possibly nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
*Suppurative
pharyngitis (rarely w/ scarlet fever)
pyoderma - impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis
necrotizing fasciitis (toxin mediated)
streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (toxin mediated)
*Nonsuppurative
rheumatic fever (M proteins, molecular mimicry)
glomerulonephritis (immune mediated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Streptococcus Pyogenes/GpA Strep

Virulence

A

M Protein - anti-phagocytic, molecular mimicry
Streptokinase (ASO+) - converts plasminogen to plasmin
Hyaluronidase - breaks down connective tissue
DNase - digests DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Streptococcus Pyogenes/GpA Strep

Treatment

A

Penicillin G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae

ID/Diagnosis

A

Gm– coccobacilli (= haemophilus)
oxidase +
chocolate agar + hemin (X factor) + NAD+ (V factor)
5-10% CO2
*slide agglutination test - determine type a-f

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae

Clinical Presentation

A 
Encapsulated (type b)
bacterial meningitis (most common cause)
epiglottitis
pneumonia - kids, adults w/ COPD etc
Unencapsulated (normal flora)
otitis media + sinusitis, conjunctivitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae

Virulence

A

6 capsular types, type a-f
type b capsule = polyribose-ribitol-phosphate (PRP, Hib)
PRP is anti-phagocytic
also - adhesive pili, factor that dysregulated ciliary beating, protease that degrade IgA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae

Treatment

A

vaccination = Hib polysaccharide protein coupled to diptheria toxoid
tx - 3rd generation cephalosporin or ampicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

ID/Diagnosis

A

Gm+ bacilli - “Chinese letters”
catalase +, non-motile, non-spore forming
black colonies on potassium tellurite
*diphtheroids are normal flora; differentiate pathogenic corynebacterium via PCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

Clinical Presentation

A

any mucus membrane
pseudomembrane + airway obstruction
myocarditis, polyneuritis (nerve palsy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

Virulence

A

diphtheria toxin, toxin AB
prevents protein synthesis in all cells
ADP-ribosylates and inactivates EF-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

Treatment

A

antibiotics, antitoxin (horse, potential for serum sickness)

vaccination - DTaP, contains inactivated toxoid AB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Rhinovirus - Transmission

A

respiratory droplets
direct contact
starts with R, transmitted via Respiratory droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

RSV - Transmission

A

respiratory droplets
direct contact
“respiratory” SV, transmitted via “respiratory” droplets

19
Q

Adenovirus - Transmission

A 
respiratory droplets
direct contact
\+ fecal-oral
\+ contaminated water
(ADenovirus has ADditional methods of transmission)
20
Q

EBV - Transmission

A

saliva, the “kissing disease”

21
Q

Rhinovirus - Target Cells

A

respiratory epithelial cells of nose (lower temp, 88-90F)

22
Q

RSV - Target Cells

A

epithelial cells of URT

23
Q

Adenovirus - Target Cells

A

mucoepithelial cells, “adeno”id cells

24
Q

EBV - Target Cells

A

epithelial and “B” cells

25
Rhinovirus - Clinical Presentation
Common Cold - incubation (2-4 days), self-limiting | rarely, bronchopneumonia (kids) or chronic lung injury (COPD, asthmatics, immunocompromised)
26
RSV - Clinical Presentation
URT, Croup, Bronchiolitis Croup = cold + tachypnea, wheezing, cyanosis self-limiting (7-10 days) *immunity is not long-lived, can have repeated infections
27
Adenovirus - Clinical Presentation
Pharyngitis, Acute Respiratory Disease (*military recruits) self-limiting (7-10 days) Conjuntivitis, Pneumonia
28
EBV - Clinical Presentation
Pharyngitis, Mononucleosis- self-limiting (2-3 weeks) | swelling, redness and white patches on tonsils; swelling of lymph nodes (Cervical Lymphadenopathy)
29
Rhinovirus, RSV, Adenovirus, EBV | Diagnosis and Treatment
Ddx - symptoms, viral culture, PCR, ELISA, DFA (direct fluorescent antibody), serology. EBV can be detected via atypical lymphocytes (CD8 CTL) and agglutination tests for heterophile antibody. *Vaccines rhinovirus - none due to >100 serotypes RSV - none, limited success treatment with ribavirin or RespiGam (passive immunity) adenovirus - none, live tablet now available in military EBV - none
30
Rhinovirus, RSV, Adenovirus, EBV | Structure
Rhinovirus: +ssRNA, icosahedral, nonenveloped RSV: –ssRNA, helical, enveloped Adenovirus: dsDNA, icosahedral, nonenveloped EBV: dsDNA, icosahedral, enveloped RSV has F (fusion) and G (attachment) proteins. *RNA viruses start w/ R; RSV is only helical virus; viruses with 3 letter abbreviation are enveloped
31
Rhinovirus, RSV, Adenovirus, EBV | Replication and Cell Cycle
RNA viruses (rhinovirus and RSV) replicate in cytoplasm; DNA viruses (adenovirus, EBV) replicate in nucleus. Rhinovirus - released via cytolysis. RSV - released via exocytosis, forms syncytium. Adenovirus - lytic (mucoepithelial cells) or latent (adenoids). EBV - released via exocytosis or lysis.
32
Influenza Viruses | Orthomyxoviruses - Characteristics
–RNA, 8 segments, enveloped HA (haemagglutinin) and NA (neuraminidase) spikes type A - antigenic shift and drift, most disease type B - antigenic drift type C - stable, cause of cold-like symptoms
33
Influenza Viruses - Replication
1. HA binds sialic acid moiety, enters cell. 2. Acidic pH (via M2 ion channel) facilitates particle disassembly and envelop fusion. 3. Replication and protein synthesis. 4. NA cleaves HA-sialic acid bond, facilitation virus release.
34
Influenza Viruses - Pathogenesis
1. Short incubation (1-4 days). 2. Replicates in respiratory epithelium; no viremia. 3. Damage to respiratory epithelium renders susceptible to secondary infections (pneumonias). 4. Interferons and cytokines produce symptoms of disease. 5. Immunity via IgA in respiratory tract (can still infect others).
35
Influenza Viruses - Clinical Presentation
Primary Infection - HIGH fever (IL-1), etc. Complications - secondary bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia (severe disease -> ARDS), myositis, cardiac involvement, neurologic symtoms.
36
Influenza Viruses - Vaccines
QIV - Quadrivalent Inactivated Vaccine 2 type A, 2 type B intramuscular injection healthy persons > 6 mo. LAIV - Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine 2 type A, 2 type B nasal spray (Flumist) healthy persons btw 2 and 49 years H1N1 Monovalent Vaccine (Swine Flu) pregnant women, caregivers of children < 6mo., kids 6 mo.-24 years, persons 24-64 with health conditions that put them at risk
37
Influenza Viruses - Treatments
NA Inhibitors = OseltaMIVIR (Tamiflu) and ZanaMIVIR (Relenza) - inhibits viral shedding, type A and B M2 Inhibitors = AMANTIDINE, RiMANTIDINE - give early, blocks M2 channel, increases pH in endosome, prevents viral disassembly; type A ONLY
38
Mycobacterium TB - Epidemiology
Exposed? 30% are infected. Infected? 5% develop disease w/in 2 years. Latent infection? 5% develop disease w/in lifetime. Active infection? 10-20% develop non-infectious extra-pulmonary disseminated disease.
39
Mycobacterium TB - Clinical Presentation
fever/night sweats, cough/hemoptysis, weight loss, fatigue, chest pain
40
Mycobacterium TB - Risk Groups
Exposure - close contacts, foreigners, healthcare workers, low socio-economic class Development of Dz - HIV/AID, IV drug users, immunocompromised, other medical conditions (type 1 diabetes, renal impairment, cancer, etc)
41
Mycobacterium TB - Pathogenesis
Primary TB - caseating granulomas, Ghon Complex = primary lesion (TB w/in macrophage) + infected adjoining lymph node -> calcify. Reactivation TB - rupture of granuloma, cavitation on CXR, usually in apices of lung. Miliary TB - small lesions in multiple organs. also...lymphadenitis (associated with M. bovis and milk), meningitis, Pott's disease (vertebrae, posts m.)
42
Mycobacterium TB - Diagnosis
PPD Test (purified protein derivative) Interferon Gamma Release Assays - more sensitive, can be used in persons vaccinated with M. bovis-derived vaccine CXR - latent (Ghon) v. active (cavitary lesion) Culture for acid-fast bacilli! Gold-Standard
43
Mycobacterium TB - Treatment
Latent - 9 mo. isoniazid | Active - 9 mo. RIPE = rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol; consider DOT (direct observed therapy)
44
Mycobacterium TB - Vaccine
BCG Vaccine - live attenuated M bovis | not used in US due to adverse reactions, waning of immunity @ 10 years, false + PPD

CPR Part II (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions