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Kaplan review with Cynthia > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What cancers is EBV associated with?

A

nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Burkitt lymphoma
B cell lymphoma (Hodgkin’s) in the immunocompromised

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2
Q

What are the four common diseases that cause rashes in infants? What viruses/bacteria/fungi cause these diseases?

A

Measles/rubeola - measles virus (in paramyxoviridae family)
rubella - rubella virus (a togavirus)
erythema infectiosum/slapped cheek syndrome - parvovirus B19
roseola infantum/exanthema subitum - HHV-6 and HHV-7
scarlet fever - strep pyogenes

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3
Q

What are the eight herpes viruses?

A 
Herpes simplex 1&2
Varicella-Zoster virus
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein-Barr virus
HHV-6
HHV-7
HHV-8
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4
Q

What organism is associated with yellow/sulfur granules?

A

actinomyces

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5
Q

How does parvovirus B19 present in children? in adults? In patients with sickle cell disease?

A

children - “slapped cheek” syndrome/erythema infectiosum.
adults - symmetrical arthralgias and arthritis
In sickle cell patients - aplastic crisis

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6
Q

What organisms can cause pelvic inflammatory disease? How do you treat PID?

A

chlamydia and gonorrhea

Always treat patients for both: ceftriaxone for gonorrhea and doxycycline for chlamydia

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7
Q

What are the common ways to transmit listeria monocytogenes?

A

deli meats, soft cheeses, unpasteurized dairy products

across the placenta, causing spontaneous abortion

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8
Q

How does clostridium botulinum cause disease in adults? in infants? What are the common sources in adults? In infants? How does it present in adults? in infants?

A

adults - preformed toxin ingested in contaminated food. Source = home canned foods and preserved fish. Presents as a descending, flaccid paralysis with intact cognitive function
infants - ingest spores which turn into germinating bacteria in the intestines because the digestive tract is not yet mature enough to kill the spores. Source = honey. Presents as floppy baby syndrome

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9
Q

What is the shape of all DNA viruses? Where do all DNA viruses replicate? What is the exception to these characteristics?

A

All DNA viruses are icosahedral shaped and replicate in the nucleus except Poxviridae which are brick-shaped and replicate in the cytoplasm

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10
Q

What are the histological changes from an HPV infection?

A

koilocytes - hyperchromatic, enlarged nucleus and perinuclear halo

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11
Q

What organism causes the intracytoplasmic inclusions called guarnieri bodies?

A

poxviruses (molluscum contagiosum)

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12
Q

What does a positive leukocyte esterase test indicate?

A

Neutrophils in the urine, suggesting a bacterial infection.

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13
Q

What family of organisms can turn nitrate into nitrite?

A

Enterobacteriaceae

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14
Q

What organism is associated with infections in burn patients?

A

Pseudomonas

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15
Q

How is toxoplasma gondii transmitted?

A

cat feces or undercooked pork

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16
Q

What infection is characterized by cutaneous hemorrhages, deafness and periventricular calcifications, microcephaly and hepatosplenomegaly in neonates?

A

CMV infection

the cutaneous hemorrhages are the “blueberry muffin baby” syndrome

17
Q

How does CMV present in adults?

A

influenza-like symptoms with mild fever and generalized lymphadenopathy = mononucleosis (heterophile negative)

18
Q

What is a common cause of pediatric diarrhea mini-epidemics? What are the characteristics of this type of diarrhea?

A

yersinia enterocolitica

Dysentery with blood, mucus and leukocytes

19
Q

What are the symptoms of typhoid fever?

A

fever, abdominal rash and splenomegaly

20
Q

What organisms are associated with aspiration pneumonia in alcoholics? Aspiration pneumonia in genera?

A

alcoholics - klebsiella
regular aspiration pneumonia - gram negative rods, anaerobes (peptostreptococcus, fusobacterium, bacteroides), staph aureus

21
Q

What disease(s) does the dermacentor tick transmit?

A

rocky mountain spotted fever

tularemia

22
Q

What is the process of transduction? What is the difference between specialized and generalized transduction?

A

transduction is the transfer of genetic material among bacteria by a virus vector (bacteriophage)
Generalized transduction - error of a lytic virus
specialized transduction - error of a lysogenic virus

23
Q

What fungus is characterized as an encapsulated yeast? Broad based budding yeast? Budding yeast with spokes resembling a wheel? Spherules?

A

encapsulated yeast = cryptococcus neoformans
broad based budding = blastomyces
Budding yeast with spokes resembling a wheel - paracoccidiodes brasiliensis
spherules = coccidioides imitis

24
Q

What are the symptoms of primary syphilis? secondary syphilis? tertiary syphilis? What diagnostic tests are appropriate for each stage?

A

primary - painless chancre (darkfield or fluorescent microscopy of biopsy)
secondary - bronzing rash that covers the entire body including palms and soles, condyloma lata, (first use VDRL, if negative then do FTA-ABS or microhemagglutinin)
Tertiary - gummas (syphilitic granulomas) in CNS and vasculature, tabes dorsalis, argyll-robertson pupil (FTA-ABS or microhemmaglutinin)

25
Q

What organism is characterized by berry-like clusters within granulocytes? How is this organism transmitted? What disease does this organism cause?

A

anaplasma phagocytophilum
transmitted by the bite of the ixodes tick
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis

26
Q

What organism is associated with hairy oral leukoplakia?

A

EBV

27
Q

What are the negative sense RNA viruses?

A

xxx

28
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of bronchiolitis?

A

wheezing, tachypnea, tachycardia, fever and labored breathing and rhinorrhea

29
Q

What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants?

A

respiratory syncytial virus

30
Q

What are the double stranded RNA viruses?

A

reoviridae

31
Q

What infection classically presents with symmetric arthritis, especially in the tendon sheaths, and a petechial rash?

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae

32
Q

What bacteria have capsules that are not immunogenic?

A

Strep pyogenes and neisseria meningitidis

33
Q

Which bacteria can’t synthesize ATP?

A

chlamydia - this is why it is an obligate intracellular organism

34
Q

What bacteria can’t synthesize cysteine?

A

legionella, brucella, francisella, pasteurella

35
Q

What are the common causes of diarrhea in AIDS patients? Which ones stain positive on the acid-fast stain?

A

cryptosporidium, adenovirus, mycobacterium avium complex, salmonella
acid fast: cryptosporidium (oocysts in the stool) and mycobacterium avium (intracellular)

36
Q

What is the developmental cycle of chlamydia trachomatis?

A

infectious, metabolically inactive form = elementary bodies

noninfectious, metabolically active form = reticular bodies

37
Q

What organism is associated with Cowdry type A inclusions?

A

Herpes simplex type 1

Kaplan review with Cynthia (2 decks)

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