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NCLEX Prep > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

The standard by which we identify whether an organism is capable of causing disease and which disease it causes is known as

A

Koch’s postulates

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2
Q

The binomial system of nomenclature combines what two names to identify a specific organism?

A

genus; species

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3
Q

The process of introducing a small sample of a microorganism into a medium is known as

A

inoculation

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4
Q

An enriched medium may contain complex organic substances such as

A

serum, hemoglobin, growth factors

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5
Q 
Which of the following contains a substance that absorbs oxygen or slows the penetration of oxygen in a medium? 
carbohydrate fermentation medium
differential medium
reducing media
transport media
A

reducing media

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6
Q

The capacity of an optical system to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects or points from one another is known as

A

resolving power

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7
Q 
The following are all examples of differential stains, except
acid-fast stain
endospore stain
capsule stain
simple stain
A

simple stain

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8
Q

The Clostridium genus contains several pathogens. Which one of the following causes the disease commonly known as lockjaw?

A

Clostridium tetani

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9
Q

Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane, while gram-positive bacteria do not. T or F

A

T

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10
Q

Walking pneumonia is most often caused by what type of bacterium?

A

Mycoplasma

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11
Q

The first primitive eukaryotes were probably

A

single-celled and independent

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12
Q

Cisternae in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

transport materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

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13
Q

Which group of helminths is subdivided into cestodes and trematodes?

A

flatworms

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14
Q

The definitive host in which the following activity occurs:

A

mating

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15
Q

Genital herpes is an example of an infection that

A

can be present in a latent state

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16
Q

Bird embryos are used to cultivate viruses because they

a) provide a sterile environment
b) provide nourishment needed for replication
c) are self-supporting units
d) all of the above

A

d

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17
Q

A saprobe derives it’s energy from

A

Metabolizing the organic matter of dead organisms

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18
Q 
Mineral ions include
A) sodium
B) potassium 
C) calcium
D) magnesium
E) all the above
A

E

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19
Q

The movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is known as

A

Diffusion

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20
Q

Pinocytosis is the process by which _______ enter the cell.

A

Liquids

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21
Q

The small range of temperatures that promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism of microbes is known as the

A

Optimum temperature

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22
Q

The following are characteristics of enzymes, except
A) they act as organic catalysts to speed up the rate of cellular reactions
B) they are much smaller in size than their substrates
C) they are greatly affected by temp and pH
D) they have an active site for target molecules called substrates

A

B

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23
Q

Oxidoreductases transfer ________ from one substrate to another, and dehydrogenases transfer a/an ________ from one compound to another.

A

Electrons; hydrogen

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24
Q

A reaction that requires energy as it goes forward is termed

A

Endergonic

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25
Q

The coupling of ATP synthesis to electron transport is termed

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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26
Q

Bleach is an example of an agent used in ________, a physical process that removes harmful products of microorganisms (toxins) from material, usually inanimate objects.

A

Disinfection

27
Q 
Desirable qualities in a germicide include all of the following, except
Affordability 
Rapid action
Nonstaining properties
Toxicity to human tissues
A

Toxicity to human tissues

28
Q 
Which factor does not affect the germicidal activity of chemicals?
cost of the chemical
Degree of contamination
Strength of the chemical
Length of time of exposure
A

Cost of the chemical

29
Q

Many antibacterial hand soaps contain the chemical agent _______, which belongs to the _______ antimicrobial category.

A

Triclosan; phenolic

30
Q

Jim has been diagnosed with meningococcal disease. His family has been started on an antibiotic to prevent contracting the disease. This is an example of:

A

Chemotherapy or prophylaxis

31
Q

Yogurt is an example of a _______, containing live microorganisms that can improve intestinal biota.

A

Probiotic

32
Q

Drugs that adversely affect the liver are said to be ________. Examples of drugs that may damage the liver are drugs that are used to treat tuberculosis: ______ and ________.

A

Hepatotoxic; rifampin; isoniazid

33
Q

Mary has a urinary tract infection and is prescribed cephalexin for 10 days. Toward the end of her course of treatment, Mary develops a vaginal yeast infection. The yeast infection is an example of a/an

A

Superinfection

34
Q

An infection that spreads from a local site to other tissues is known as a

A

Focal infection

35
Q 
Which site is not thought to be sterile in the healthy host?
bone
sinuses
external ear canal
inner ear
A

external ear canal

36
Q

Babies who are delivered by cesarean section will be colonized by

A

skin biota

37
Q

A central theme of biology is that the master code of DNA is used to synthesize an RNA molecule via a process called ________, and the information contained in the RNA is used to produce proteins in a process known as _______.

A

Transcription; translation

38
Q

The following are all true of RNA, except
A) it is a single-stranded molecule existing in helical form
B) it contains uracil rather than thymine as the complimentary base-pairing mate for adenine
C) uracil does not follow the pairing rules; therefore, the inherent DNA code is changed
D) the suger in RNA is ribose rather than deoxyribose

A

C

39
Q

A sequence o three RNA nucleotides is called a

A

Codon

40
Q

Which of the following is true of operons?
A) They consist of a coordinated set of genes, all of which are regulated as a single unit.
B) they may be inducible or repressible
C) only prokaryotes utilize operons
D) all of the above

A

D

41
Q 
The presence of intestinal microbiota is considered
A) a first line of defense
B) a second line of defense
C) a third line of defense
D) none of the above
A

A

42
Q

The following are all functions of the lymphatic system, except
A) to provide a route for the return of extra cellular fluid to the circulatory system
B) to transport oxygenated blood throughout the circulatory system
C) to act as a “drain off” system for the inflammatory response
D) to recognize and protect against foreign materials through a system of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies

A

B

43
Q 
Which of the following act/acts as a filter for blood, removing worn-out red cells from circulation?
A) Peyer's patches
B) thymus
C) spleen
D) tonsils
A

C

44
Q 
Which of the following are steps in the process of phagocytosis?
A) chemotaxis 
B) phagolysosome formation 
C) destruction 
D) adhesion 
E) all of the above
A

E

45
Q

A vasoactive mediator produced by mast cells and basophils that causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and mucus production

A

Histamine

46
Q

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a gene complex that gives rise to a series of glycoproteins (MHC molecules) found on all cells, except

A

Red blood cells

47
Q

Some autoimmune diseases are thought to result from the loss of immune tolerance through the survival of “forbidden clones.” Normally, these clones are destroyed by the process of

A

Clonal deletion

48
Q 
Which of the following substances may act as a hapten?
A) drugs
B) metals
C) household chemicals 
D) all of the above
A

D

49
Q

Which substance is a growth factor for T-helper cells and cytotoxic T cells?

A

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

50
Q

Anaphylaxis is characterized by what symptoms?
A) circulatory disruption (tachycardia, low BP)
B) swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat
C) generalized hives
D) loss of consciousness
E) all of the above

A

E

51
Q

Antihistamines act to

A

Bind to histamine receptors on target organs

52
Q

Grave’s disease is caused by the attachment of autoantibodies to receptors on the thyroxin-secreting follicle cells of the

A

Thyroid

53
Q

AIDS, an infection-induced immunodeficiency, affects

A

T helper cells and antigen-presenting cells

54
Q

Consequences of improper specimen collection may include
A) having to repeat the test
B) having to subject the patient to another potentially painful procedure (i.e., bone marrow biopsy, lumbar puncture, blood draw)
C) a delay in appropriate treatment
D) all of the above

A

D

55
Q 
A clinical form used to report data on a patient's specimens may include
A) antibiotic history
B) patient symptoms
C) marital status
D) date and time of specimen collection
E) a, b, and d
F) b, c, and d
A

E

56
Q

When determining the clinical significance of cultures
A) the number of microbes is significant
B) the presence of a single colony of a true pathogen may indicate the presence of the disease if the culture comes from a site known to be sterile (i.e., cerebrospinal fluid)
C) the repeated isolation of a relatively pure culture of any microorganism can mean it is an agent of disease, although this is not always the case
D) a range of tests may be needed to identity a pathogen
E) all of the above

A

E

57
Q

Skin is thickest on the ________ and thinnest on the ________.

A

Soles; eyelids

58
Q

Koplik’s spots are associated with which maculopapular rash disease?

A

Measles

59
Q

The following is true regarding shingles except:

a) the condition is caused by reactivation of the varicella virus that may remain latent in the ganglia of nerve fibers for years.
b) you can “come down” with shingles by being exposed to the fluid of shingles lesions
c) psychological stress can reactivate the virus, which causes shingles
d) shingles may cause by inflammation and facial paralysis

A

b

60
Q

Conjunctivitis may cause:

a) reddened conjunctiva
b) watering of the eye
c) mild pain
d) photophobia
e) all of the above

A

e

61
Q

The term “immunologically privileged” means that

A

A site can mount only a partial immune response when faced with an immunologic challenge

62
Q

The central nervous system

a) consists of the brain and spinal cord
b) receives signals (generated nerve impulses) and translates them, resulting in sensation or thought, which drives motor function
c) is protected by bone (skull and spinal column)
d) has 3 membranes called meninges, which encase the soft tissues of the brain and spinal cord
e) all of the above

A

e

63
Q 
N. Meningitidis counters the body's defenses with
A) IgA protease
B) a capsule
C) spore formation 
D) a and b
E) b and c
A

D

64
Q

A 2 year old boy is brought to the emergency room by his parents. The child’s parents report a 2-day history of high fever, hoarseness, refusal to eat of drink, and vomiting. The child appears acutely ill. Upon examination of the child’s throat, you note swollen tonsils and a whitish exudate. The child is most likely suffering from pharyngitis caused by which common bacteria?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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