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opthamology > microbiology > Flashcards

microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 bacterial types?`

A

gram positive and negative

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2
Q

what are the gram positive organisms?

A

cocci (strep, staph)
bacilli

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3
Q

what are the gram negative organisms?

A

cocci (neisseria)
cocci-bacilli (H. influenzae)
bacillie (pseudomonas)

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4
Q

what colour does gram positive stain with gram stain and why?

A

purple as thicker cell wall

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5
Q

what colour does gram negative stain with gram stain and why?

A

pink as thinner wall and doesn’t take stain up very well

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6
Q

what is conjunctivits?

A

infection of whole eye

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7
Q

what is keratitis?

A

infection of cornea

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8
Q

what is endophthalmitis?

A

infection of entire globe

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9
Q

what is cellulitis?

A

infection of skin around eye

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10
Q

what is chorioretinitis?

A

infection deep in eye of choroid and retina

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11
Q

what type of conjunctivitis do we wo1rry about?

A

neonatal

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12
Q

what organisms cause bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates?

A

staph aureus
neisseria gonorrhoeae
chlamydia trachomatis

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13
Q

what is the most common organism causing bacterial conjuncgtivitis in children?

A

H. influenzae

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14
Q

what other organisms cause bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

staph aureus
strep pneumoniae

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15
Q

what is the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

swab
topical antibio with chloramphenical qds
drops ointments

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16
Q

which patients is chloramphenicol contraindicated in?

A

history of aplastic anaemia or allergy

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17
Q

what viruses can cause viral conjunctivitis?

A

adenovirus
herpes simplex
herpes zoster

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18
Q

how does adenoviral conjunctivits present?

A

red eye
watery

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19
Q

how does conjunctivitis caused by herpes zoster present?

A

small bumps around eye
blood shot
red

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20
Q

how does conjunctivitis caused by herpes zoster present?

A

rash, blisters over eye - commonly alongside shingles

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21
Q

how does chlamydial conjunctivitis clinically present?

A

chronic history
unresponsive to treatment
suspect in bilateral conjunctivitis in YA

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22
Q

what is seen in bacterial keratitis with hypopyon?

A

corneal blister - cloudy over iris
pus
cornea transparent as has no blood supply

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23
Q

why can’t we give oral antibiotics for bacterial keratosis?

A

conjunctiva has no blood supply - no blood vessels to carry treatment to affected area

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24
Q

what is the treatment for bacterial keratitis?

A

admission for hourly drops
daily review
usually assoc. with other corneal pathology or contact lens wear

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25
what viruses can cause keratitis?
herpes adenovirus
26
what can herpetic keratitis present with?
dendritic ulcer gritty sensation blurry vision pain reduced corneal sensation
27
what is the treatment of herpetic keratitis?
topical antiviral-ganciclovir
28
why can't we give steroids in herpetic keratitis?
can make virus worse and cause corneal melt and perforation of cornea
29
what can be seen in adenoviral keratitis?
subepithelial infiltrates
30
how does adenoviral keratitis present?
bilateral follows URTI/conjunctivitis may affect vision
31
what can we give in adenoviral keratitis if becomes chronic and to speed up recovery?
steroids
32
how does fungal keratitis present?
chronic history Hx farmer, gardeners ocular surface disease corneal lesions more defined
33
how is fungal keratitis treated?
topical anti-fungals (natamycin amphotericin) scrape it
34
which organism can cause keratitis in relation to contact lens wear?
acanthamoeba very painful
35
what is preseptal cellulitis?
infection of eyelid very common can spread to infect entire eyelid
36
how does orbital cellulitis present?
painful - esp on eye movement proptosis associated with paranasal sinusitis pyrexial orbital rim/ring
37
what scan in used to identify orbital abscesses/
CT
38
what is the difference between orbital and preseptal cellulitis?
orbital is infection actually spreads into the eye itself
39
what is orbital cellulitis a direct extension from?
sinus from focal orbital infection
40
what organisms can cause orbital cellulitis?
staphylococci - common streptococci - common coliforms H. influenzae anaerobes
41
when would you scan in orbital cellulitis?
if suggestion that there is restriction of muscles or optic nerve dysfunction
42
what is the treatment of orbital cellulitis?
broad spectrum antibios and monitor abscesses may require drainage
43
what is endophthalmitis?
infection inside the eye post-surgical or endogenous
44
how will endophthalmitis present?
very painful with decreasing vision very red sight threating may see pus over iris??
45
what organisms cause endohthalmitis?
commensals most common = staph epidermis
46
what is the treatment of endophthalmitis?
intravtreal amikacin/ceftazidime/vancomycin and topical antibiotics
47
which treatment of endophthalmitis has better penetration of blood ocular barrier?
4th gen fluoroquinolones
48
what is chorioretinitis?
inflammation of choroid form of posterior uveitis
49
what are some common causes of chorioretinitis?
cytolomegavirus - seen in AIDs/HIV herpes simplex and zoster endogenous e.g. candida toxoplasma gondii toxocara canis (worm)
50
what is the treatment of chorioretinitis caused by CMV?
anti-virals and steroids
51
what can be seen in HIV patients with chorioretinits?
haemorrhagic CMV
52
what is another term for HSK/HSV chorioretinits?
acute retinal necrosis
53
what is chorioretinitis caused by endogenous organisms associated with?
bacterial endocarditis or catheters and central lines
54
what is toxoplasmosis?
protozoan infcetion congenital or acquired contaminated soil/undercook meat mild flu
55
in immunocompetent patients with toxoplasmosis what would be seen?
cysts
56
when does toxoplasmosis require treatment?
if sight threatning
57
what is the systemic treatment for toxoplasmosis?
clindamicin/azithromycin +/- steroids
58
what is toxocara?
parasitic nemotode (roundworm) affects cats and dogs
59
what is used for diagnosis of bacterial, chlamydial and viral infections?
swabs for culture
60
what is required for diagnosis of bacterial keratitis?
corneal scrape
61
what is required for diagnosis of endophthalmitis?
aqueous/vitreous for culture
62
what is required for diagnosis of acanthamoeba?
microscopy/culture
63
what is required for diagnosis of toxoplasma and toxocara?
serology
64
what are the 3 broad categories of antibiotics?
inhibit protein synthesis inhibit cell wall synthesis inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
65
what is the most commonly used topical antibiotic for eye infections?
chloramphenicol
66
what is the MOA of chloramphenicol?
inhibits peptidyl transferase enzyme (stops bacterial protein being made)
67
what is chloramphenicol bacterocidal for?
strep anf haemophilius
68
what is cholramphenicol bacteriostatic for?
staph
69
what are SE of chloramphenicol?
allergy irreversible aplastic anaemia grey baby syndrome
70
what antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis?
penicillins and cephalosporins - B lactam ring which inhibits enzyme that makes bacterial cell wall - no wall = die
71
what antibiotic inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?
quinolones - inhibit DNA gyrase (compresses bacterial DNA into supercoils) inhibition of DNA gyrae = unwinding of supercoils = die
72
in bacterial keratitis caused by coliforms, pseudomonas aeruginosa, H influenzae what is the treatment used?
ofloxacin (4-quinolone)
73
what treatment will treat most gram positive and negative organisms?
gentamicin and cefuroxime
74
what treats most bacterial conjunctivitis except pseudomonas aeruginosa?
chloramphenicol
75
what treats bacterial conjunctivitis caused by staph aureus?
fusidic acid
76
what treats most gram negative bacteria including coliforms, pseudomonas aeruginosa?
gentamicin
77
what type of drug is ganciclovir?
antiviral
78
how does ganciclovir work?
inhibits viral DNA synthesis
79
what are antivirals used for?
dendritic ulcers of the cornea
80
what can you not use alongside antivirals?
steroids
81
what is used to treat chlamydial conjunctivitis?
topical oxytetracyclin

opthamology (11 decks)

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