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ODDR Microbiology > Microbiology 1 > Flashcards

Microbiology 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define pathogen

A

A disease causing microorganism

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2
Q

Define opportunistic pathogen

A

A member of the normal microbiota that causes infection under certain circumstances

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3
Q

Define symbiont

A

A member of the resident microbiota conferring benefit to the host

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4
Q

Define pathobiont

A

The capacity of a molecule to cause damage to the host

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5
Q

Define dysbiosis

A

Lack of balance between host responses and resident microbiota

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6
Q

Define virulence

A

The degree of pathogenicity

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7
Q

Define pathogenicity

A

The relative capacity of an organism to cause damage

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8
Q

Define virulence determination

A

Component of pathogen that causes host damage

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9
Q

What is there a balance between in health?

A

There’s a balance between microbes and our responses to them

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10
Q

What do neutrophils do in disease?

A

They migrate to the tooth surface guided by chemokines

Neutrophils enter and protect the gingival tissues

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11
Q

What happens when there’s a build up of plaque in the mouth?

A

Can lead to the formation of gingivitis

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12
Q

Give some examples of evidence that microbes are asscocaited with perio diseases

A
  1. Healthy animals bred in germ free environment exhibit perio disease when given perio
  2. Cross sectional & longitudinal studies carried out on populations
  3. Microbiological studies carried out  correlation between appearance & prevalence
  4. Immunological studies show the responses to the pathogen from the body
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13
Q

Which type of plaque forms first in the mouth?

A

Supragingival plaque forms first

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14
Q

Describe Supragingival plaque

A

It moves down tooth to root eventually forming subgingival plaque

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15
Q

Name the microbes found in the mouth in health

A

Gram positive aerobes like cocci & rods that are facultative anaerobes

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16
Q

What happens to the microbiota as gingivitis forms?

A

The population of obligatory anaerobes increases

17
Q

Name the microbes found in the mouth in periodontitis

A

Predominantly Gram negative anaerobes & spirochetes

18
Q

Why does the microbiology composition change with gingivitis and periodontitis formation?

A

Organisms thrive and outcompete each other and succession occurs
The change has a lot to do with the nutritional availabilities for microbes

19
Q

What nutrients do supragingival organisms need to survive?

A

Sugars from food
Salivary glycoproteins
ECM

20
Q

What do subgingival organisms depend on?

A

GCF
Blood flow
Histatins from saliva

21
Q

Where does fluid flow from in the mouth?

A

Fluid flows from supra to sub gingiva

22
Q

What changes occur when pocketing occurs?

A
  1. There is an increase in inflammation
  2. Increased GCF flow
  3. Haem provides nutrients for subgingival organisms
  4. As pocket gets deeper, O2 levels drop  Obligatory anaerobes thrive
  5. Slight increase in temp leads to increase in metabolic activity of microbes
  6. Slight increase in pH  More favourable for obligate anaerobes
23
Q

Go through the ecological plaque hypothesis steps

A
  1. Plaque levels increase due to poor oral hygiene
  2. This leads to the formation of gingivitis
  3. Inflammation increases
  4. Environmental changes occur due to an increase in inflammation
  5. Environmental change instigates ecological shift (Periodontitis) like the increase in gram negative anaerobes
  6. Periodontal diseases occur due to responses of these anaerobes
24
Q

When are pathogens present in high numbers?

A

In disease compared to health

25
Q

Why is it difficult to distinguish the cause of periodontal disease?

A

Because it is hard to distinguish which particular pathogen is causing the disease

26
Q

List some of the reasons why is it is difficult to identify the pathogen responsible for causing periodontal disease

A
  1. Episodic nature of the disease- it is inactive then active again
  2. Hard to sample and detect the bacteria as you have to push through the gram positive area which can lead to contamination
  3. Organisms are difficult to sort out and group together
  4. Microbiologists keep changing the names of organisms
  5. 50% of the microbes are unculturable
27
Q

Name some gram positive bacteria associated with chronic periodontitis in adults (HINT PEEP)

A
  1. Peptostreptococcus stomatis
  2. Eubacterium brachy
  3. Eubacterium nodatum
  4. Parvimonas micras
28
Q

Name some gram negative bacteria associated with chronic periodontitis in adults

A
  1. Porphyromonas Gingivalis
  2. Prevotella intermedia
  3. Dialister pneumosintes
  4. Fusobacterium
  5. Prevotella loeschii
  6. Campylobacter rectus
  7. Treponema spp.
  8. Tanerella forsythia
29
Q

How do you carry out a DNA-DNA checkerboard?

A
  1. Place DNA from species & DNA from clinical sample & see if hybridisation occurs
  2. This method has been succeeded by Next generation sequencing
30
Q

What can be used to determine how many organism are in a sample?

A

HOMIM

31
Q

Name some unculturable organism associated with chronic periodontal disease

A
  1. Spirochete’s
  2. T7 phylum
  3. Methanogens
  4. Novel phonotypes
32
Q

Why are methanogens unculturable?

A

Because they are highly anaerobic

33
Q

What causes aggressive periodontitis?

A

It is caused due to abnormalities in neutrophils

34
Q

Describe localised aggressive periodontitis

A

Little plaque seen

Many capnophilic bacteria (these like CO2) & strong association with AA

35
Q

What is necrotising periodontal disease associated with?

A

Associated with HIV/Stress/Smoking

36
Q

Name some of the bacteria associated with necrotising periodontal disease

A

Treponema + fusobacterium OR Prevotella intermedia

37
Q

What are some classic perio pathogens found in Diabetes mellitus associated gingivitis?

A

P. Gingivalis & Spirochetes

High proportions of Capnocytophaga are seen

38
Q

What are some bacteria seen in HIV associated perio diseases?

A

Candida

ODDR Microbiology (2 decks)

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