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antibiotic man > Microbiolgy > Flashcards

Microbiolgy Flashcards

1
Q

which antibiotics are beta lactams (inhibit cell wall formation)?

A

penicillins

cephalosporins

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2
Q

which antibiotics are bacteriostatic (inhibit protein synthesis)?

A

aminoglycosides (cause misreading of mRNA)

chloramphenicol

macrolides (e.g. erythromycin)

tetracyclines

fusidic acid

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3
Q

what antibiotics inhibit DNA synthesis?

A

quinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin)

metronidazole

sulphonamides

trimethoprim

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4
Q

which antibiotics inhibit RNA synthesis?

A

rifampicin

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5
Q

what is the mechanism of resistance for penicillin?

A

Bacterial penicillinase (β-lactamase) cleaves β-lactam ring

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6
Q

what is mechanism of resistance for cephalosporins?

A

Changes to penicillin-binding-proteins (PBPs), which are types of transpeptidases

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7
Q

what is the mechanism of resistance for macrolides?

A

Post-transcriptional methylation of the 23S bacterial ribosomal RNA

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8
Q

what is the mechanism of resistance for tetracyclines?

A

Increased efflux of the bacteria by plasmid-encoded transport pumps, ribosomal protection

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9
Q

what is the mechanism of resistance for sulfonamides

A

Bacteria increase synthesis of PABA, mutation to gene encoding dihydropteroate synthetase

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10
Q

what is the mechanism of resistance for vancomycin

A

Alteration to the terminal amino acid residues of the NAM/NAG-peptide subunits (normally D-alanyl-D-alanine) to which the antibiotic binds

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11
Q

Rifampicin

A

Mutations altering residues of the rifampicin binding site on RNA polymerase

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12
Q

which streptococci have alpha haemolysis? (partial haemolysis)

A

pneumococcus

streptococcus viridans

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13
Q

which streptococci do beta haemolysis (complete haemolysis)?

A

Group A - strep pyogenes

Group B - agalactiae

Group D - enterococcus

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14
Q

compare how beta haemolysis would look like to alpha haemolysis in a blood agar tray?

A

beta will be very yellow and large area

alpha will be smaller area and darker

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15
Q

what is the main route of infection for strep viridans?

A

GI tract

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16
Q

what criteria is used to asses endocarditis?

A

DUKE’s criteria

17
Q

what is FEVER PAIN score used to assess?

A

Strep Pharyngitis

18
Q

what is centor criteria used for ?

A

group A strep

strep pharyngitis

19
Q

what does enterococcus faecalis cause on blood agar ?

A

no haemolysis ( gamma haemolytic)

20
Q

Which of these is not included in the list of ‘typical organisms’ in the major criteria for diagnosing endocarditis

(2 separate positive blood cultures in the absence of alternative source)
Select one:

Staphylococcus aureus

Enterococcus faecalis

Viridans streptococci

Escherichia species

HACEK group organisms

A

Escherichia species

21
Q

what does the QSOFA markings indicate?

A

sepsis

altered mental state

resp rate <30

systolic BP <100

22
Q

what bacteria is Proton pump inhibitors a risk factor for?

A

Clostridium difficile

23
Q

how do you test for clostridium difficile?

A

Clostridium difficile toxin (CDT) in the stool

24
Q

what are the risk factors of C.difficile infection?

A

Antibiotics within the preceding 3 months

Proton pump inhibitors

Prolonged hospitalisation

Immunosuppression

25
Q

what is the clinical presentation of Haemolytic uraemic syndrome?

A

acute kidney injury
microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
thrombocytopenia

26
Q

what two types of haemolytic uraemic syndrome are there?

A

typical HUS - secondary caused:

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) 0157:H7

pneumococcal infection
HIV
rare: systemic lupus erythematosus, drugs, cancer

atypical HUS (primary caused:

complement dysregulation

27
Q

how do you diagnose HUS?

A

full blood count: anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, fragmented blood film

U&E: acute kidney injury

stool culture
looking for evidence of STEC infection
PCR for Shiga toxins

28
Q

how do you manage HUS?

A

no antibiotics!

supportive: fluids, blood transfusion and dialysis

29
Q

what drugs are used in anaerobes only?

A
  1. metronidazole
30
Q

what drugs are used in both anaerobes and aerobes?

A
  1. penicillin
  2. amoxicillin
  3. clindamycin
  4. co trimoxazole
  5. moxiflacin
  6. ceftriaxone
  7. cefepime
  8. tigecylcine
  9. Piperacillin – tazobactam
31
Q

what drugs are used in gram positive only?

A

flucloxacillin

vancomycin

32
Q

what drugs are used in gram negative only?

A

azithromycin

erythromycin

33
Q

give examples of penicillins.

A
  1. penicillin
  2. amoxicillin
  3. flucloxacillin
  4. Piperacillin-tazobactam
34
Q

give examples of sulfonamides.

A

co-trimoxazole

trimethoprim

35
Q

give examples of aminoglycosides.

A

gentamicin

tobramycin

36
Q

give examples of fluoroquinolones? (quinolones)

A

moxifloxacin

Ciprofloxacin

Aztreonam

levofloxacin

37
Q

give examples of CEPHALOSPORINS.

A

cephazoline

cefuroxime

ceftriaxone

38
Q

what class is vancomycin part of?

A

glycopeptides

39
Q

what are the 4c antibiotics?

A

Clindamycin

Levofloxacin (fluroquinolones)

Ceftazidime (cephalosporins)

Co-amoxiclav

antibiotic man (2 decks)

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