Microbio Practicals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the time frames for direct examination tests?

A

Direct examination can take hours for microscopic and minutes for macroscopic tests.

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2
Q

What is the time frame for culture tests?

A

Culture tests usually take days, but mycobacteria and other fastidious organisms can take weeks.

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3
Q

What is the time frame for antibody detection tests?

A

Antibody detection tests may be rapid (<24 hours), but it takes a minimum of 2 weeks from exposure to develop antibodies.

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4
Q

What is the time frame for other tests?

A

Other tests are usually rapid, but may need to be sent to a specialist reference laboratory.

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5
Q

What are the types of techniques in examination?

A
  1. Direct Examination
  2. Culture
  3. Serology
  4. Others
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6
Q

What does Direct Examination include?

A

Macroscopic: appearance, colour, smell
Microscopic: a. Gram stain, b. Acid fast stains, c. Wet film, d. KOH preparation for fungi, e. India ink for cryptococcus, f. Dark ground for syphilis

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7
Q

What is the Gram stain result for positive and negative stains?

A

Positive stain: purple
Negative stain: pink

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8
Q

What should be sent if pus is present in culture (2)?

A

Send a few mLs of pus.

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9
Q

What are the types of samples to transport?

A

Swab - transport medium.
Fluid - e.g. urine, CSF, joint aspirate.
Faeces.

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10
Q

What types of media are used in the laboratory?

A

Solid media: Blood agar (aerobic & anaerobic), Selective media, Enriched media.
Liquid media: no quantitation but allows growth of small numbers of bacteria. Dilutes out inhibitory substances

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11
Q

What is the minimum requirement for Blood Culture?

A

Usually minimum of two broths (aerobic & anaerobic).
Pour plates

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12
Q

What to do if fastidious organisms are suspected?

A

Discuss with laboratory.

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13
Q

What does Serology involve?

A

Paired sera acute and convalescent > 10 days apart
IgM
Single high convalescent - less reliable.

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14
Q

What are the types of techniques under ‘Others’?

A

Toxin detection
Antigen detection
Molecular biological techniques, e.g. PCR

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15
Q

What are the basic gram film characteristics of key bacteria?

A

Gram +ve Cocci, Gram -ve Cocci, Gram +ve Bacilli, Gram -ve Bacilli

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16
Q

What are examples of Gram +ve Cocci?

A

Staphylococci, Streptococci, Enterococci

Anaerobic streptococci e.g. peptostreptococci

17
Q

What are examples of -ve Cocci?

A

Includes Neisseria and Moraxella.

Anaerobic cocci e.g. Veillonella spp

18
Q

What are examples of Gram +ve Bacilli?

A

Bacillus (e.g. B. anthracis)
Corynebacteria (e.g. C. diphtheriae)
Listeria monocytogenes

Includes Anaerobic bacilli like Clostridia.

19
Q

What are examples of Gram -ve Bacilli?

A

E. coli
Campylobacter
Pseudomonas
Salmonella
Shigella
Proteus