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microbiology > microbio chapter 20 (G-) > Flashcards

microbio chapter 20 (G-) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gram - Bacteria

A
  • constitute largest group of human bacterial pathogens
  • due in part to lipid A on outer membrane
  • most grow at mesophilic conditions
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2
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus)

A
  • also called gonococcus
  • causes gonorrhea
  • gonococci attach to genital, urinary, and digestive tract
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3
Q

Gonorrhea in men

A

painful urination and pus filled discharge

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4
Q

Gonorrhea in women

A

often asymptomatic but can trigger pelvic inflammatory disease
- infection in children can occur during childhood

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5
Q

Common case of Gonorrhea

A

occurred in Colorado when people were having sex for drugs

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6
Q

How can Gonorrhea stick in our urinary tract when urine runs through it?

A

Gonorrhea cells contain Opa which is an intimate attachment outer membrane protein that allows it to adhere to our urinary tract

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7
Q

What is the function of Opa and in which bacteria is it found?

A

Opa is an intimate attachment outer membrane protein that allows gonorrhea cells to adhere to the urinary tract

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8
Q

What is the significance of gonorrhea adhering in the urinary tract?

A
  • it is a hard place to get antibiotics to stick and an immune response to occur
  • antibiotics do NOT stick well so they are not effective
  • this allows a good environment for bacteria to grow
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9
Q

What is the best antibody for gonorrhea?

A

slgA

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10
Q

What does gonorrhea have to combat slgA

A

gonorrhea has proteases that cleave the antibody

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10
Q

LOS in gonorrhea

A
  • outer membrane lipopolysaccharide
  • inhibits C3b binding on to bacterial membrane
  • limits C5 convertase production
  • limits C3b binding to surface (does not bind to CR1)
  • triggers inflammation
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10
Q

Diagnosis of gonorrhea

A

Gram- diplococci in pus from inflamed penis
- if asymptomatic genetic probes can be used

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11
Q

Treatment of gonorrhea

A

broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs

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12
Q

Prevention of gonorrhea

A

sexual abstinence

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13
Q

Communal immunity of gonorrhea

A
  • little to no long-term immunity due to changing surface proteins
  • infection can occur in same individual many times
  • fairly communal
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14
Q

Enterobacteriaceae

A
  • in the intestinal microbiota of most animals and humans
  • ubiquitous in soil, water, and decaying systems
  • most common Gram-pathogens of humans
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15
Q

Escherichia coli

A
  • coliform opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae
  • most common and important of the coliforms
  • virulent strains have virulence plasmids
  • gastroenteritis is a common disease
  • common cause of non-nosocomial urinary tract infection
16
Q

E. coli 0157:H7

A
  • pathogenic strand
  • most prevalent in developed countries
  • causes diarrhea, hemorrhaging, hemolytic uremic syndrome
  • ~2100 hospitalizations per year
  • undercooked meat is the problem
17
Q

Jack n the Box E. coli

A

they served undercooked burgers to many children, and they went to the hospital
- many died
- many had irreversible kidney damage
- occurred in 1993

18
Q

E. coli toxins

A
  • has a Shiga like toxin from Shigella
  • believed to be passed through transduction
  • contains SLT gene
19
Q

SLT gene

A
  • an A-B toxin
  • A= modifies rRNA in ribosomes bringing translation to a halt
  • causes diarrhea/vomiting
20
Q

Truly pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae

A
  • salmonella
  • shigella
  • yersinia
  • almost always pathogenic due to virulence factors
  • produce a type 3 secretion system
21
Q

Type 3 secretion system

A
  • introduce proteins that inhibit phagocytosis, rearrange cytoskeleton, or induce apoptosis
  • acts as a syringe to push in A-H protein
22
Q

Type 3 secretion system process

A
  1. A-H protein is put into cell and cell is tricked into taking it in
    - A-H protein modifies membrane of phagosome with bacteria
  2. phagosome cannot bind with lysosome
  3. a separate type 3 secretion releases more A-H protein
  4. cell with salmonella has to die in order to release bacteria
  5. adjacent cell can uptake salmonella that is released from dying cells
23
Q

Salmonella exposure

A

Salmonella is constantly exposed to our immune system as it is released from cell to cell

24
Q

Salmonella

A
  • ~2M cases/year
  • very low death rate
  • Gram -, motile bacilli
  • can be found in intestines and feces of birds, reptiles, and mammals
  • most human infections are due to consuming food with animal feces contamination
  • poultry and eggs are a common source
  • causes salmonellosis and typhoid fever
25
Q

Salmonella in our cells vs test tube

A

when salmonella A-H protein cells are grown in human cells, many proteins expressed in humans that do not appear in test tubes

26
Q

Salmonellosis

A
  1. salmonella cells attach to epithelial cells in small intestine
  2. bacteria triggers endocytosis
  3. A-H protein prevents binding to a lysosome so bacteria grows in phagosome
  4. salmonella kills host cell which induces fever, diarrhea, and cramping
  5. bacteria can move into bloodstream
27
Q

Salmonella’s O side chain

A
  • has a longer O side chain that affect MAC complex
  • it signals MAC complex away from inner membrane
  • binds to C9 to disrupt completion of MAC
  • MAC can bind to O-side chain but it is too far to make holes in the membrane
28
Q

Mary Mallon cook

A
  • asymptomatic carrier of Salmonella
  • was a cook and would pass on infection to others
  • was quarantined but found work again
  • eventually quarantined until her death in 1938
  • confirmed to cause 55-122 typhoid fever cases
29
Q

Yersinia

A

normal pathogen of animals
1. Yersinia enterocolitica
2. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
3. Yersinia pestis

30
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica

A

causes inflammation of the intestinal tract

31
Q

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

A

similar to enterocolitica but less severe

32
Q

Yersinia pestis

A

causes bubonic and pneumonic plague
- nearly 75% mortality rate
- killed 1/3 of European population in 14th century

33
Q

Transmission of Y. pestis

A
  1. natural hosts pass on disease to an amplifying
  2. either host would make direct contact with a human through biting
  3. human would become infected with bubonic plague or pneumonic plague
    - people with pneumonic plague could pass it as an airborne condition
34
Q

Great fires of London

A

Destroyed many hay houses and people resorted to bricks. This limited the number of areas for rodent hosts to live.

35
Q

Buboe

A
  • causes by Y. pestis
  • causes high fever with painful swollen lymph nodes
  • caused by sub-cutaneous hemorrhaging and death of tissue (gangrene)
  • death often within a week
36
Q

Why is the bubonic plague also called the black death?

A

It causes lymph nodes to swell and hemorrhage. This creates blockages in the lymphatic system that hold blood up. Blood eventually begins to turn black causes blackening of the skin.

37
Q

Virulence factors of Y. pestis

A
  1. virulence plasmids confer a Type 3 secretion that inject YopE and YopH which inhibit phagocytosis by degrading actin filaments
  2. YopM: inhibits recruitment of additional phagocytes
  3. Fra1: glycocalyx capsule makes it harder to engulf
  4. Pla: degrades C3b to decrease phagocytosis and C5a so decreased number of phagocytes in area
    - decreases opsonization and anaphylatoxin
38
Q

Diagnosis of Yersinia pestis

A

characteristics symptoms
- diagnosis and treatment must be rapid to avoid death

39
Q

Treatment of Yersinia pestis

A

many antimicrobial drugs are effective

40
Q

Bubonic plague

A

first biological welfare

microbiology (10 decks)

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