Microbio Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
It is the complete virus particles
A
Virions
2
Q
Virions are observed using
A
Electron Microscope
3
Q
These causes specific types of cancer
A
Oncovirus/oncogenic
4
Q
Composed of many small proteins
A
Capsomeres
5
Q
This is a protein coat composed of DNA or RNA
A
Capsid
6
Q
Four categories of viruses based on the type of genomes they possess
A
Single-stranded DNA
Double-stranded DNA
Single-stranded RNA
Double-stranded RNA
7
Q
This theory originated on the primordial soup
A
Coevolution theory
8
Q
Evolved from free-living prokaryotes that invaded other living organisms
A
Retrogade evolution theory
9
Q
Viruses are pieces of host cell RNA or DNA that have escaped from living cells and are no longer under cellular control
A
Escaped gene theory
10
Q
Viruses that infect humans and animals
A
animal virus
11
Q
attaches to a protein or polysaccharide molecule
A
attachment
12
Q
the entire virus enters the host cell, in some cases it was phagocytosized by the cell.
A
penetration
13
Q
the viral nucleic acid escapes from the capsid
A
uncoating
14
Q
viral genes are expressed, resulting in production of pieces or parts of viruses.
A
Biosynthesis
15
Q
the viral pieces or parts are assembled to create complete virions
A
Assembly
16
Q
the complete virions escaped from the host cell by lysis or budding
A
Release
17
Q
viruses that becomes enveloped escaped through
A
budding
18
Q
Are remnants or collections
A
Inclusion bodies
19
Q
hides from host’s immune system by entering and remaining dormant.
A
Latent virus infection
20
Q
this is used to treat viral infection
A
antiviral agents
21
Q
This virus causes Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
A
Human Immunodeficiency virus
22
Q
small infectious proteins that can cause neurologic diseases in animals.
A
prions
23
Q
which cells does HIV attacks
A
CD4+ cells
24
Q
what enzyme does retro viruses produce?
A
Reverse Transcriptase
25
this type of virus capable of inserting the viral genome into DNA
provirus
26
this virus is a crossover between bats to humans, this is also the biggest strands of virus.
Ebola virus
27
this virus is transmitted by mosquitos
zika virus
28
types of bacteriophages
virulent and temperate
29
this is prescribed in an attempt to prevent secondary bacterial infections.
Antibiotics
30
this type of bacteriophages causes lytic cycles
Virulent bacteriophages
30
this type of bacteriophages will remain into the bacterial cell chromosome, generation after generation.
Temperate bacteriophages
31
this type of virus can mimic a bacteria and can cause some cases of human pneumonia.
Mimivirus
32
this virus can interfere with the metabolism of plants.
viroids
33
what is the name of the shape of the bacteris that is round or spherical
cocci
34
what is the name of the shape of the bacteria that is rectangular or rod-shaped
bacilli
35
what are the three basic shapes of bacteria?
cocci, bacilli, curved and spiral-shaped
36
bacterias that exist in a variety of shapes are called?
pleomorphic
37
ability to exist in variety of shapes
pleomorphism
38
this fixation is accomplished by placing the slide on the slide warmer
heat fixation
39
this type of fixation is accomplished by flooding the smear with absolute methanol. This is also the standardized technique
methanol fixation
40
what are the 3 purposes of fixation?
kills the microorganisms, preserves the morphology, anchors the smear to the slide.
41
this type of stain is used to determine bacterial shape and morphologic arrangement.
simple stain
42
this type of stain is used to observes bacterial capsules, spores, and flagella
structural staining procedure
43
This procedure became the most important staining procedure in the bacteriology laboratory.
gram stain
44
this type of staining procedure can identify a mycobacterium
acid-fast stain
45
this is a bright red dye that is used to stain the cells.
carbol fuchsin
46
this phenol component of stain is used to lock the stain into the cell wall.
carbol
47
this bacterium is able to swim
motile
48
bacteria that are unable to swim
nonmotile
49
Are used to determine the
presence, number, and location of flagella on bacterial cells
Flagella stain
50
turns blue to purple because of the crystal violet-iodine solution, is difficult to remove because of the thick peptidoglycan in the cell wall
Gram positive
51
turns pink to red because of the red dye safranin solution
gram negative
52
dissolves the lipids in the gram negative making it easier to remove the crystal violet-iodine dye
decolorizer
53
a drop of bacterial suspension is placed on glass overslip and inserted over a depression slide.
acid fast stain
54
Useful to classify bacteria based on their relationship to O2 and CO2
atmospheric requirement
55
does not require oxygen and can live in anaerobic environment
obligate aerobes
56
requires oxygen for multiplication, but in lower concentrations found in room air.
microaerophilic anaerobes
57
can be defined as organisms that do not require oxygen for life.
Anaerobes
58
does not use oxygen and can protect themselves from reactive oxygen molecules
aerotolerant anaerobe
59
are able to survive with or without the process of oxygen.
facultative anaerobes
60
the ability of bacteria to cause disease.
pathogenecity
61
uses test procedures called Molecular Diagnostic Procedures, to analyze the organism's DNA and RNA to
identify the bacteria
Genetic Composition
62
make it possible to
identify an isolate without relying on phenotypic characteristics
DNA probes
63
used to determine the degree of relatedness between two different bacteria
16S rRNA
64
have leaky cell membranes so
they live inside another cell to
retain all necessary cellular
substance.
Rickettsias
65
lice, fleas, and tick transmit the rickettdias from one host to another by their bites or
waste products
Arthropods
66
pathogens that can live within certain types of white blood cells
Intraleukocytic pathogens
67
this is referred to as energy parasites; can produce ATP but use ATP molecules produced by their host cells
chlamydias
68
has a cell wall and therefore assume many things and can cause atypical pneumonia and genitourinary infections on humans.
Mycoplasmas
69
these types of bacteria uses light as an energy source but do not carry
out photosynthesis the same way
photosynthetic bacteria
70
This organisms live in extreme enviroment
archaea
71
a bacteria that uses light as energy source but does not carry out photosynthesis the same way
photosynthetic bacteria
72
produce oxygen (oxygenic bacteria)
Cyanobacteria
73
attached to the cell membrane at various points and are thought to represent invaginations of the cell membranel
Thylakoids
74
live in extreme
environments like extremely hot, dry, salty, alkaline, acidic or in extremely high pressure
extremophiles
75
archaea that produce
methane (flammable gas)
Methanogens
76
this is photosynthesis, eukaryotic organisms that are classified as Kindom Protista. This is also an important source of food, iodine, and fertilizers
Algae
77
thickened cell membrane contained some algal cells
pellicle
78
known as “eyespot”; light-sensing
organelle
Stigma
79
found in the cell wall of
algae but not in any other
microorganisms
cellulose
80
what are the classifications according to types of Photosynthetic Pigments of bacteria?
green, golden, brown, red
81
this type of algae causes protothecosis and can lead to paralytic shellfish poison
dinoflagellates
82
this is a nonphotosynthetic, unicellular, and free-living thing that is more animal-like that ingests algae, yeast, smaller protozoa
protozoa
83
this is the protozoan life cycle that is in the motile, feeding, and dividing stages.
Trophozoite stage
84
this is the protozoan cycle that is in the nonmotile, dormant, and survival stage
cyst stage
85
move by means of cytoplasmic extensions
called pseudopodia (false feet)
amaeba
86
move by means of large numbers of hairlike cilia on their surfaces.
Cilliates
87
move by means of whiplike flagella, exhibits a wavelike motion.
Flagella protozoa
88
A nonmotile protozoa, lacking pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia.
sporozoa
89
the study of fungi
mycology
90
this organism is the garbage disposers of the enviroment
fungi
91
what is fungi cell wall made of?
chitin
92
what is filament found growing on fungi?
hyphae
93
the cytoplasm within
the hypha is divided into cells by cross
-walls or septa
Septate hyphae
94
the cytoplasm within the hypha is not divided into cells; no septa. Contains
multinucleated cytoplasm
aseptate hyphae
95
are eukaryotic single-celled (unicellular)
organisms that lack mycelia. Sometimes
referred to as blastospores or blastoconidia
yeast
96
Sometimes a string of elongated buds is formed; this string of elongated buds is called a
pseudohypha
97
it's the yeast and fungi most frequently
isolated from human clinical specimens
candida albicans
98
Form of cytoplasmic filaments or hyphae that makes the mycelium.
moulds
99
this type of hyphae extends above the surface
Aerial hyphae
100
this type of hyphae grows beneath the surface
vegetative hyphae
101
reproduction is by spore formation, either
sexually or asexually, on the aerial hyphae for this reason, aerial hyphae are sometimes referred to as what?
reproductive hyphae
102
it's one of a few fungi, including human pathogens, that can live either as yeast or as moulds, depending on growth conditions.
dimorphic fungi
103
fungi that are encountered as mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs and bracket fungi
fleshy fungi
104
are fungal infections of the outermost areas of the human body, such as hai, fingernails, toenails, and the outermost layer of the skin (epidermis).
superficial mycoses
105
fungal infections living layers of the skin
(dermis). A group of moulds
collectively referred to as
dermatophytes cause tinea infections, which are often referred to as
“ringworm” infections.
cutaneous mycoses
106
are fungal infections of the dermis and
underlying tissues. Usually, these
infections are from traumatic
implantation of organisms into the
subcutaneous tissue.
subcutaneous mycoses
107
are fungal infections of internal organs of the body, sometimes affecting two or
more different organ systems
simultaneously.
systematic mycosis
108
this organism is a combination of two or three microorganisms of alga (or cyanobacterium), a fungus, and a yeast
lichens
109
Found in soil and on rotting logs, have both fungal and protozoal characteristics
slime moulds
