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Pharmacology > Microbials > Flashcards

Microbials Flashcards

1
Q

Penicillin

A

Pneumococcal, meningococcal, streptococcal

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2
Q

Ampicillian

A

Highest incidence of skin rash; H flue and E coli

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3
Q

Amoxicillin

A

More efficiently absorbed from the GI tract than ampicillin

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4
Q

Are cephalosporins broad or narrow spectrum?

A

BROAD; penetrate into JOINTS

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5
Q

What are the three generations of cephalosporins?

A

1st gen: cefazolin
2nd gen: cefoxitin
3rd gen: cefotaxime

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6
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

aerobic gram negative

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7
Q

What are the side effects of aminoglycosides?

A

ototoxicity (nonreversible); nephrotoxicity (reversible); skeletal muscle weakness; prolongs NMB; enhances NMB properties of lidocaine

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8
Q

Which amino glycoside is most nephrotoxic?

A

Neomycin (she told burn story about soaking dressings in neomycin)

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9
Q

Name 5 types of amino glycosides?

A
  1. Streptomycin and 2. Kanamycin: limited use and frequent vestibular damage
  2. Gentamicin- BROADER SPECTRUM. Toxic level >9mcg/ml
  3. Amikacin- derivative of kanamycin
  4. Neomycin- adjunct to HEPATIC COMA
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10
Q

Tetracycline

A

Tetraclycline PO only. treats acne; discolors teeth, phototoxicity
DOXYCYCLINE IV or PO; long acting

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11
Q

Macrolides (an what is an example of a macrolide?)

A

ERYTHROMYCIN: both static and tidal. NARROW SPECTRUM GRAM POSITIVE.
Metabolized by p450 and excreted in bile.
* NO NEED TO ALTER DOSE IN RENAL.

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12
Q

Side effects of Macrolides

A

GI intolerance most comon, gastric emptying, QT effects, thrombophlebitis

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13
Q

Clindamycin

A

STATIC! Class of linomycins.
used for SERIOUS INFECTIONS in GI or female genital tract.
REDUCE DOSE FOR LIVER PATIENTS!

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14
Q

What are side effects of clindamycin (linomycins)?

A 
pseudomembranous colitis (her mom had this)
pre and post junctional effects at the NMJ.  can have prolonged NMB (not antg. with calcium or anticholinesterases)
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15
Q

Vancomycin

A

GRAM POSITIVE: severe staph infections, streptococcal, enterococcal endocarditis; MRSA.
*can use in PCN and cephalosporin allergies
USED FOR: cardiac procedures, orthopedic using prosthetic devices, CSF and shunt infections

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16
Q

Sulfonamides

A

folic acid inhibition; used to treat UTIs

Hepatic metabolism with renal excretion

17
Q

Side effects of sulfonamides

A

skin rash due to anaphylaxis; drug fever; hepatotoxicity; acute hemolytic anemia; increased effete of PO anticoags.

18
Q

Polymyxin B and Colistimethate

A

SEVERE UTIs. Infections of the skin, mucous membranes, eyes and ears

19
Q

Side effects of polymixin B and colistimethate

A

Primarily prejunctional; skeletal muscle weakness resembling NMB; potentiates NMB
*HIGHLY NEPHROTOXIC

20
Q

Metronidazole

A

ANAEROBIC GM NEGATIVE; CNS infections, abdominal and pelvic procedures, pseudomembranous colitis

21
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

GI and GU infections; ciprofloxacin used for bone, soft tissue and respiratory tract
enteric GM NEGATIVE; decrease in renal dysfunction

22
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Rifampin induces p450 system

23
Q

Amphotericin B

A

yeast and fungi; slow renal excretion

24
Q

Antivirals

A

Hep A and B, HPV, Herpes Zoster (shingles)

25
Q

Acyclovir and Valacyclovir

A

Herpes viruses,

26
Q

Vidarabine

A

cytomegalic inclusion disease; herpes simplex encephalitis, mutagenic and carcinogenic

27
Q

Famiciclovir

A

acute herpes zoster

28
Q

Ganciclovir

A

cytomegalovirus, hematologic toxicity

29
Q

Amantidine

A

influenza A virus, renal excretion

30
Q

Interferons

A

Glycoproteins that bind to receptors on host cell membranes that induce production of enzymes that inhibit viral replication, enhances tumoricidal activities of macrophages

31
Q

Name 3 antivirals for AIDS

A

NRTI- nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors- IMPOSTER
NNRTIS- nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors- inhibit function of enzyme used by virus
Protease inhibitors- binds to HIV protease

32
Q

What are side effects of the antivirals used to treat HIV (NRTI, NNRTI, PROTEASE INHIBITORS)

A

pancreatitis, hepatotoxicity, lactic acidosis, fat redistribution, increased cholesterol and triglycerides, hypersensitivity.
PROTEASE INHIBITORS INHIBIT CP450 SYSTEM! RITONAVIR is most potent

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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