Microbials Flashcards

1
Q

Penicillin

A

Pneumococcal, meningococcal, streptococcal

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2
Q

Ampicillian

A

Highest incidence of skin rash; H flue and E coli

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3
Q

Amoxicillin

A

More efficiently absorbed from the GI tract than ampicillin

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4
Q

Are cephalosporins broad or narrow spectrum?

A

BROAD; penetrate into JOINTS

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5
Q

What are the three generations of cephalosporins?

A

1st gen: cefazolin
2nd gen: cefoxitin
3rd gen: cefotaxime

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6
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

aerobic gram negative

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7
Q

What are the side effects of aminoglycosides?

A

ototoxicity (nonreversible); nephrotoxicity (reversible); skeletal muscle weakness; prolongs NMB; enhances NMB properties of lidocaine

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8
Q

Which amino glycoside is most nephrotoxic?

A

Neomycin (she told burn story about soaking dressings in neomycin)

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9
Q

Name 5 types of amino glycosides?

A
  1. Streptomycin and 2. Kanamycin: limited use and frequent vestibular damage
  2. Gentamicin- BROADER SPECTRUM. Toxic level >9mcg/ml
  3. Amikacin- derivative of kanamycin
  4. Neomycin- adjunct to HEPATIC COMA
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10
Q

Tetracycline

A

Tetraclycline PO only. treats acne; discolors teeth, phototoxicity
DOXYCYCLINE IV or PO; long acting

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11
Q

Macrolides (an what is an example of a macrolide?)

A

ERYTHROMYCIN: both static and tidal. NARROW SPECTRUM GRAM POSITIVE.
Metabolized by p450 and excreted in bile.
* NO NEED TO ALTER DOSE IN RENAL.

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12
Q

Side effects of Macrolides

A

GI intolerance most comon, gastric emptying, QT effects, thrombophlebitis

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13
Q

Clindamycin

A

STATIC! Class of linomycins.
used for SERIOUS INFECTIONS in GI or female genital tract.
REDUCE DOSE FOR LIVER PATIENTS!

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14
Q

What are side effects of clindamycin (linomycins)?

A
pseudomembranous colitis (her mom had this)
pre and post junctional effects at the NMJ.  can have prolonged NMB (not antg. with calcium or anticholinesterases)
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15
Q

Vancomycin

A

GRAM POSITIVE: severe staph infections, streptococcal, enterococcal endocarditis; MRSA.
*can use in PCN and cephalosporin allergies
USED FOR: cardiac procedures, orthopedic using prosthetic devices, CSF and shunt infections

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16
Q

Sulfonamides

A

folic acid inhibition; used to treat UTIs

Hepatic metabolism with renal excretion

17
Q

Side effects of sulfonamides

A

skin rash due to anaphylaxis; drug fever; hepatotoxicity; acute hemolytic anemia; increased effete of PO anticoags.

18
Q

Polymyxin B and Colistimethate

A

SEVERE UTIs. Infections of the skin, mucous membranes, eyes and ears

19
Q

Side effects of polymixin B and colistimethate

A

Primarily prejunctional; skeletal muscle weakness resembling NMB; potentiates NMB
*HIGHLY NEPHROTOXIC

20
Q

Metronidazole

A

ANAEROBIC GM NEGATIVE; CNS infections, abdominal and pelvic procedures, pseudomembranous colitis

21
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

GI and GU infections; ciprofloxacin used for bone, soft tissue and respiratory tract
enteric GM NEGATIVE; decrease in renal dysfunction

22
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Rifampin induces p450 system

23
Q

Amphotericin B

A

yeast and fungi; slow renal excretion

24
Q

Antivirals

A

Hep A and B, HPV, Herpes Zoster (shingles)

25
Acyclovir and Valacyclovir
Herpes viruses,
26
Vidarabine
cytomegalic inclusion disease; herpes simplex encephalitis, mutagenic and carcinogenic
27
Famiciclovir
acute herpes zoster
28
Ganciclovir
cytomegalovirus, hematologic toxicity
29
Amantidine
influenza A virus, renal excretion
30
Interferons
Glycoproteins that bind to receptors on host cell membranes that induce production of enzymes that inhibit viral replication, enhances tumoricidal activities of macrophages
31
Name 3 antivirals for AIDS
NRTI- nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors- IMPOSTER NNRTIS- nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors- inhibit function of enzyme used by virus Protease inhibitors- binds to HIV protease
32
What are side effects of the antivirals used to treat HIV (NRTI, NNRTI, PROTEASE INHIBITORS)
pancreatitis, hepatotoxicity, lactic acidosis, fat redistribution, increased cholesterol and triglycerides, hypersensitivity. PROTEASE INHIBITORS INHIBIT CP450 SYSTEM! RITONAVIR is most potent