Microbial Resistance

Question 1

How does microbial resistance develop?

Answer 1

Overuse of antimicrobial drugs. Bacteria that survive treatment with antimicrobial drugs have characteristics that allowed them to survive. These will be passed onto microbes which replicate quickly, creating resistance

Question 2

How can bacteria become resistant?

Answer 2

1. Genetic mutation

2. Acquiring resistance from another bacterium through conjugation

Question 3

How can resistance be spread?

Answer 3

Vertically from generation to generation

Horizontally from bacteria in same generation

Question 4

What are some mechanisms of drug resistance?

Answer 4

1. Inactivation/modification of antibiotic
2. Alteration of the target site of antibiotic
3. Modification of metabolism to circumvent the antibiotic
4. Increase the efflux of the antibiotic

Question 5

What are the two studies on microbial resistance in eye care?

Answer 5

Ocular TRUST study
ARMOR Study

Looked at the resistance of common microorganisms and trends over time

Question 6

What were some takeaways from the ARMOR and TRUST studies?

Answer 6

38% of S. Aureus strains are methicillin-resistant
50% of coagulase-negative staph (s.epi) were methicillin-resistant
34% of S. Pneumonia were resistant to azithromycin
Multidrug resistance is increasing

Question 7

What drugs are best for S Aureus and MRSA according to ARMOR study?

Answer 7

Besivance: 1 S. aureus , 2. MRSA
Vancomycin: 1 S. aureus, 1 MRSA

Question 8

What is an urgent threat in eye care right now?

Answer 8

Drug-resistant n. gonorrhoeae

Question 9

What are some serious threats in eye care right now?

Answer 9

Multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa
Methicillin-resistant S. aureus MRSA
Drug-resistant Strept. pneumoniae

Question 10

What is a concerning threat in eye care right now?

Answer 10

Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus VRSA