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Microbiology > Microbial Physiology > Flashcards

Microbial Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of microbial physiology?

A

To study the metabolic processes and activities of microorganisms.

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2
Q

True or False: Microbial physiology focuses on the structure of microorganisms.

A

False

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: Microbial physiology is concerned with the ____________ processes of microorganisms.

A

metabolic

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4
Q

What are some key areas of study in microbial physiology?

A

Nutrient uptake, growth, and reproduction.

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5
Q

Which type of microorganisms are studied in microbial physiology?

A

Bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists.

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6
Q

What is the significance of studying microbial physiology?

A

To understand how microorganisms interact with their environment and impact human health.

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7
Q

True or False: Microbial physiology is only concerned with single-celled microorganisms.

A

False

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8
Q

What is the primary focus of microbial physiology research?

A

To understand the mechanisms of microbial growth and metabolism.

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9
Q

What are some factors that influence microbial physiology?

A

Temperature and pH, substrate concentration, and enzyme inhibitors

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: Microbial physiology helps in the understanding of how microorganisms ___________ and ___________.

A

grow, adapt

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11
Q

What are some applications of microbial physiology in medicine?

A

Developing antibiotics and understanding disease-causing microorganisms.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Microbial physiology is essential for understanding the ____________ of microorganisms.

A

functioning

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13
Q

True or False: Microbial physiology is a rapidly evolving field of study.

A

True

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14
Q

What is microbial genetics?

A

The study of the genetic material of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

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15
Q

True or False: Bacterial genetics focuses on the genetic makeup and processes within bacteria.

A

True

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16
Q

What are plasmids in bacterial genetics?

A

Small, circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome.

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17
Q

What is a transposon in microbial genetics?

A

A DNA sequence that can change its position within the genome of a single cell.

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18
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer in microbial genetics?

A

The movement of genetic material between bacteria by mechanisms other than reproduction.

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19
Q

What is a mutation in bacterial genetics?

A

A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to variations in traits.

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20
Q

What is conjugation in bacterial genetics?

A

The process where genetic material is transferred between bacterial cells through direct cell-to-cell contact.

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21
Q

What is transformation in microbial genetics?

A

The process where bacteria take up DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their own genome.

22
Q

What is transduction in microbial genetics?

A

The process where genetic material is transferred from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage.

23
Q

What is a gene knockout in bacterial genetics?

A

A genetic technique used to study the function of a gene by disabling or ‘knocking out’ its expression.

24
Q

What is a genetic screen in microbial genetics?

A

A method used to identify genes involved in a particular biological process by examining mutant phenotypes.

25
Q

What is a plasmid vector in bacterial genetics?

A

A small DNA molecule used to carry foreign genetic material into a bacterial cell for research or biotechnology purposes.

26
Q

What is a selectable marker in microbial genetics?

A

A gene introduced into a cell that confers a trait that allows for selection or screening of cells that have taken up foreign DNA.

27
Q

What is a transposon mutagenesis in bacterial genetics?

A

A technique used to introduce random mutations into a bacterial genome by the insertion of transposons.

28
Q

What is a genetic map in microbial genetics?

A

A diagram that shows the relative positions of genes on a chromosome or plasmid based on recombination frequencies.

29
Q

What is a knockout mutation in bacterial genetics?

A

A mutation that completely disables the function of a gene.

30
Q

What is a complementation test in microbial genetics?

A

A test used to determine whether two different mutations are in the same gene or in different genes.

31
Q

What is a DNA sequencing in microbial genetics?

A

The process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.

32
Q

What is a genetic engineering in bacterial genetics?

A

The manipulation of an organism’s genetic material to introduce desired traits or characteristics.

33
Q

What is a genetic code in microbial genetics?

A

The set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins.

34
Q

What is a genetic recombination in bacterial genetics?

A

The process by which genetic material is exchanged between different organisms, leading to genetic diversity.

35
Q

What is a genetic marker in microbial genetics?

A

A gene or DNA sequence used to identify a specific location on a chromosome or plasmid.

36
Q

What is a genetic variation in bacterial genetics?

A

Differences in DNA sequences among individuals or populations.

37
Q

What is a restriction enzyme in microbial genetics?

A

An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific recognition sites, often used in genetic engineering.

38
Q

What is the central dogma of biology?

A

The central dogma of biology is the process by which DNA is transcribed into RNA, and then translated into proteins.

39
Q

What is the role of DNA in the central dogma of biology?

A

DNA contains the genetic information that is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.

40
Q

What is transcription in the central dogma of biology?

A

Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.

41
Q

What is translation in the central dogma of biology?

A

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from an RNA template.

42
Q

What are the three main steps of the central dogma?

A

The three main steps of the central dogma are replication (DNA to DNA), transcription (DNA to RNA), and translation (RNA to protein).

43
Q

What is lysogenic conversion?

A

The process by which a bacteriophage inserts its DNA into the host bacterium’s genome, leading to the expression of new properties in the host.

44
Q

True or False: Lysogenic conversion results in the immediate lysis of the host bacterium.

A

False

45
Q

Fill in the blank: Lysogenic conversion involves the ________ of a bacteriophage’s DNA into the host bacterium’s genome.

A

insertion

46
Q

What are the new properties expressed in the host bacterium as a result of lysogenic conversion?

A

Properties encoded by the inserted phage DNA, such as toxin production or antibiotic resistance.

47
Q

What is the term for a lysogenic bacterium that exhibits the new properties conferred by the inserted phage DNA?

A

Lysogen

48
Q

What is the term for the phage DNA that has been inserted into the host bacterium’s genome during lysogenic conversion?

A

Prophage

49
Q

True or False: Lysogenic conversion can be reversed, returning the host bacterium to its original state.

A

True

50
Q

What is the name for the process by which a prophage can excise itself from the host bacterium’s genome and enter the lytic cycle?

A

Induction

51
Q

What are some factors that can trigger the induction of a prophage?

A

Environmental stressors, such as UV radiation or exposure to certain chemicals.

52
Q

What role does lysogenic conversion play in the evolution of bacteria?

A

It can introduce new genetic material and properties into bacterial populations, contributing to their diversity and adaptation.

Microbiology (1 decks)

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