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Microbial Nutrition & Growth Flashcards

1
Q

6 Main Elements required for life

A

C,H,O,P,N,& S

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2
Q

Macronutrients

A

Required in large quantities to play main roles in cell structure & metabolism

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3
Q

Micronutrients/ Trace Elements

A

Required in small amounts and involved in enzyme function and protein structure

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4
Q

Where do heterotrophs obtain carbon from?

A

Organic Sources

MOST COMMON

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5
Q

Where do autotrophs obtain carbon from?

A

Inorganic CO2

LEAST COMMON

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6
Q

What are nitrogen sources necessary for?

A

DNA, RNA, ATP, & amino acids

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7
Q

What is the primary nitrogen source for heterotrophs?

A 
Proteins
DNA
RNA
Amino Acids
MOST COMMON
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8
Q

What do some bacteria and algae use for a nitrogen source?

A

Inorganic Nitrogenous Nutrients

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9
Q

What are oxygen sources used for?

A

Biomolecule production and ATP Synthesis

Can be obtained from both organic and inorganic sources

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10
Q

What are hydrogen sources necessary for?

A

Maintaining pH
Forming hydrogen bonds (bonds that hold DNA bonds)
Source of energy in a redox reaction
Production of all biomolecules

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11
Q

What are phosphorus sources needed for?

A

Production of DNA, RNA, ATP, and Phospholipids

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12
Q

What are sulfur sources needed for?

A

Production of select amino acids and is vital for tertiary protein structure

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13
Q

What is a growth factor?

A

An organic compound that cannot be created by an organism and must be provided as a nutrient

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14
Q

What is an example of a growth factor?

A

Amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, & minerals

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15
Q

What sources of carbon and energy do phototrophs use?

A

Microbes that photosynthesize

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16
Q

What sources of carbon and energy do chemtrophs use?

A

Microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds

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17
Q

Where do photoautotrophs receive their energy from?

A

Light

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18
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Photosynthetic
Primary producers on the planet
ex: cyanobacteria

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19
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Use chemical energy to get CO2 from inorganic sources

MOST COMMON

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20
Q

What are chemoorganic autotrophs?

A

Use organic compounds for energy and inorganic compounds as a carbon source
Subcategory of chemoautotrophs

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21
Q

What are lithoautotrophs?

A

Rely totally on inorganic minerals

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22
Q

What is an example of a lithoautotroph?

A

Methanogens- produce methane from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide

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23
Q

Saprobes

A

Does not need a host to survive
Feed mostly on organic material from dead organisms
Cannot carry out phagocytosis because they digest outside the cell
MOST COMMON

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24
Q

What is a obligate saprobe?

A

They exist strictly on dead matter in soil and water

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25
What is a facultative parasite?
When a saprobe infects a host, usually when the host is compromised (opportunistic pathogen)
26
Parasites
Get nutrients from the cells or tissues of a living host
27
The 3 Types of Parasites
Ectoparasites Endoparasites Intracellular Parasites
28
Where do ectoparasites live?
On the body
29
Where do endoparasites live?
In organs and tissues
30
Where do intracellular parasites live?
Within cells viruses
31
What are obligate parasites?
They are unable to grow outside of a living host
32
What does psychrophilic mean?
Cold loving bacteria
33
What is the optimal temp for psychrophilic?
-5-15 degrees Celsius
34
Where are psychrophilic found?
Frigid ocean waters | Does not infect the human body
35
What is optimal temp for psychrotrophic?
20-30 degrees celsius
36
Where is psychrotrophic found?
Cool soil and water
37
What time of temperature condition are the majority of medically important microbes located?
Mesophilic
38
What is the optimal temperature for mesophilic bacteria?
20-40 degrees celsius
39
What is the optimal temperature for human pathogens?
30-40 degrees celsius
40
Where are mesophilic bacteria found?
Soil, water, plants, and animals
41
What kind of bacteria love a thermophilic atmosphere?
Heat loving bacteria
42
What is the optimal temperature for thermophilic bacteria?
45-80 degrees celsius
43
Where are thermophilic bacteria located?
Hot springs, compost heaps, and water heaters
44
What kind of bacteria love a hypothermophilic atmosphere?
Very heat loving bacteria
45
What is the optimal temperature for hypothermophilic bacteria?
80-120 degrees celsius
46
What type of bacteria grow in hypothermophilic environments?
Usually archaea
47
Where are hypothermophilic bacteria found?
Hydrothermal vents in the ocean floor
48
What is the most common category of the oxygen requirements?
Aerobe
49
What are obligate aerobes?
Cannot grow without oxygen | ex-humans
50
What are facultative anaerobe?
An aerobe that does not require oxygen for its metabolism and is capable of growth in the absence of oxygen. Can use oxygen but does not need it
51
What is a a microaerophile?
It does not grow at normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen but requires a small amount of it for metabolism
52
What are the three types of aerobes?
Obligate Aerobes Falcultative Anaerobes Microaerophile
53
What is an anaerobe?
Lacks the metabolic enzyme systems for using oxygen in respiration
54
What are the two types of anaerobes?
Obligate Anaerobes | Aerotolerant
55
What is an obligate anaerobe?
Lack the enzymes for processing toxic oxygen and cannot tolerate any free oxygen in the immediate environment and will die if exposed to it Ex: clostridium
56
What is an aerotolerant anaerobe?
Does not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow to a limited extent in its presence
57
What are capnophiles?
They grow best at higher CO2 levels than are normally present in the atmosphere
58
What are the three categories of oxygen requirements?
Aerobes Anaerobes Carbon Dioxide
59
What is the most common pH category of bacteria?
Neutrophilic
60
What is the pH of neutrophilic bacteria?
5-8
61
What is the pH of acidophilic bacteria?
Below 5.5 | Ex: Stomach, Helicobacter, & Lactobacillus
62
What is the pH of alkalophilic bacteria?
Above 8.5 | Ex: Close to gallbladder, Alkaline lakes & soils
63
What are the two main categories of osmotic pressure?
Facultative Halophile | Obligate Halophile
64
What is a facultative halophile?
Are not normally found in high-salt environments but some can survive up to 20% NaCl Ex: Staphylococcus
65
What is a obligate halophile?
Requires at least 9% NaCl but optimal is ~25% | Ex: deep ocean
66
How does the population of bacteria grow?
Binary Fission
67
What is the 1st step in binary fission?
Parent cells enlarge and duplicate genetic material
68
What is 2nd step in binary fission?
DNA copies move to opposite ends of parent and attach to a section of the cell membrane as it begins to pinch together at the center
69
What is the 3rd step in binary fission?
New cell wall forms between daughter cells
70
What is the final step in binary fission?
Cells separate or may remain attachted forming chains/clusters
71
What is the average time to complete a fission cycle?
30-60 mins
72
How long does it take most food-borne pathogens to complete the fission cycle?
20-30 mins
73
What type of growth is bacterial growth?
Exponential
74
What is the equation for bacterial growth?
N(F)= (NI)2^N
75
What are the 5 phases of the growth curve?
``` Lag Phase Log Phase Stationary Phase Death Phase Phase of Prolonged Decline ```
76
What is the lag phase?
Period of slow or no growth | Cells are producing the molecules needed for growth
77
What is the log phase?
Period of optimal growth and reproduction | Will continue until nutrients run out
78
What is the stationary phase and what is it caused by?
Cell death balances out cell reproduction Decreased nutrients Accumulated wastes Increased cell density
79
What is the death phase?
Cell death outpaces cell reproduction Caused by depletion of nutrients 99% of viable cells die
80
What is the phase of prolonged decline?
The fittest cells can survive on the nutrients released by dying cells Can last for months to years

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