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Microbiology 207 > Microbial Nutrition and Growth > Flashcards

Microbial Nutrition and Growth Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

a chemical substance required in relatively large quantities and play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism

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2
Q

What are some examples of macronutrients?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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3
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

a chemical substance required in small quantities called ‘trace elements’ and are involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein strucuture

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4
Q

What are some examples of micronutrients?

A

manganese, zinc, nickel

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5
Q

What are some characteristics of organic nutrients?

A

Contain hydrogen and carbon atoms and are products of living things, simple organic molecules, large polymers(carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids)

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6
Q

Where do microbes obtain their nutrients from?

A

Either solely from inorganic compounds, or a combination of inorganic/organic compounds

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7
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

An organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form and is dependent on other sources

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8
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

An organism that uses inorganic CO2 into organic compounds and is independent from other living things

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9
Q

What is a phototroph?

A

Microbes that photosynthesize(use sunlight to feed)

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10
Q

What are chemotrophs?

A

Microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds

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11
Q

Some examples of Autotrophs are:

A

photoautotroph, chemoautotroph

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12
Q

Some examples of Heterotrophs are:

A

Photoheterotroph, chemoheterotroph, saprobe, parasite

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13
Q

What are saprobes?

A

free-living microorganisms that feed on organic matter from dead organisms

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14
Q

How do parasites get their nutrients?

A

By deriving nutrients from the tissue and cells of a living host

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15
Q

What are the different types of parasites?

A

Range from viruses, helminths, ectoparasites, endoparasites, intracellular parasites, and obligate parasites

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16
Q

What is the most extreme type of parasitic invasion?

A

Intracellular parasites live within cells

16
Q

What are the vast majority of microbes that cause human disease called?

A

Chemoheterotrophs

17
Q

How can less strict parasites can be cultured artificially?

A

Provided with correct nutrients and environmental conditions

17
Q

What are obligate parasites?

A

They are unable to grow outside of a living host(leprosy bacillus and syphilis spirochete)

18
Q

What are the essential nutrients for microbes?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate, and sulfur

19
Q

What is passive diffusion?

A

Movements of atoms and molecules from an area of higher density/concentration to an area of lower density/concentration

20
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water through a selective or permeable membrane

21
Q

What is active transport?

A

It goes against the diffusion gradient, expends ATP, involved membrane proteins or pumps

22
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

a form of active transport where a cell uses energy and forms a vacuole around the substance

23
Q

What are two types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis

24
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

An ‘eating’ method of transport where amoebas and WBCs ingest whole cells or solid matter

25
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

A ‘drinking’ method of transport where liquids(oils, molecules in solution) are ingested

26
Q

What are cardinal temperatures?

A

A range of temperatures for the growth of a given microbial species

27
Q

Optimum temperatures

A

allows the fastest rate of growth and metabolism

28
Q

What are some characteristics of psychrophiles?

A

optimum temp-below 15 degrees C
can grow at 0 degrees C
Storage at refrigerator temp incubates rather than inhibits them
live in rivers/snowfields/polar ice/ deep ocean
rarely pathogenic

29
Q

What are some characteristics of Psychrotrophs?

A

grow slow in cold
optimum temp-15 degrees C to 30 degrees C
Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria
can grow at refrigerator temps and cause food-borne disease

30
Q

What are some characteristics of mesophiles?

A

Medically important microorganisms
Grow at intermediate temps-20 degrees C and 40 degrees C
inhabit animals and plants, soil and water

31
Q

What is the optimal temperature of human pathogens?

A

Between 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C

32
Q

What are some characteristics of thermoduric?

A

can survive short exposure to high temps-normally mesophiles
Common contaminants of heated/pasteurized foods
spore formers- Bacillus and Clostridium

33
Q

What are some characteristics of Thermophile?

A

Optimum temps- greater than 45 degrees C
live in soil and water associated with volcanic activity, compost piles
range of growth 45 degrees C to 80 degrees C

34
Q
A

Microbiology 207 (4 decks)

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