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microbiology 416 > Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 processes that form cellular metabolism?

A

Enzyme mediated Catalysis, reaction coupling, energy harvesting by redox reactions, use of membranes to form gradients of charge and chemical concentration

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2
Q

What ion is included in fueling

A

PO4 3-

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3
Q

What type of energy is used in fueling products

A

ATP, PMF

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4
Q

What 2 ions are used in biosynthesis after fueling products?

A

SO4 2-, and NH3

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5
Q

what macromolecules make lipids and lipopolysaccharide?

A

Fatty acids

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6
Q

What building block makes lipolysaccharide, glycogen, and murein?

A

sugars

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7
Q

what building block makes murein and protein?

A

amino acids

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8
Q

What building block makes RNA and DNA?

A

nucleotides

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9
Q

What structure does glycogen contribute to?

A

Inclusions

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10
Q

What macromolecules contribute to the cell envelope?

A

Lipid, lipopolysaccharide, murein, and protein

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11
Q

what macromolecule is the pili assembled from

A

protein

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12
Q

what macromolecules contribute to building cytosol?

A

protein and RNA

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13
Q

What macromolecules contribute to building ribosomes?

A

Protein and RNA

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14
Q

What macromolecules contribute to building the nucleoid?

A

Protein and DNA

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15
Q

What is active transport?

A

How cells accumulate solutes AGAINST the concentration gradient

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16
Q

What are the 3 classes of transporters?

A

simple transport
group translocation
ABC system

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17
Q

What energy source dives simple transport?

A

Proton Motive Force

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18
Q

What energy source drives group translocation?

A

phosphoenolpyruvate

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19
Q

What energy source drives ABC transporters?

A

ATP

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20
Q

What is a symport?

A

H+ and solute are transported in one direction

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21
Q

What is an antiport?

A

H+ and solute are transported in opposite direction

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22
Q

What is an example of a symport?

A

E.Coli lac permease

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23
Q

What is an example of an antiport?

A

sodium proton antiporter

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24
Q

What happens to a substance that is transported by group translocation?

A

it is chemically modified

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25
Q

what is an example of a group translocation system/

A

Phosphotransferase system in E.Coli

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26
Q

What macromolecules does phosphotransferase use?

A

glucose, fructose, and mannose

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27
Q

How many proteins are required for phosphotransferase?

A

5

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28
Q

Where does the phosphoenolpyruvate energy used in phosphotransferase come from?

A

glycolysis

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29
Q

What type of affinity does ABC systems have to substrates?

A

HIGH

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30
Q

what proteins are required for Gram negatives in ABC systems

A

transmembrane, ATP hydrolyzing, adn periplasmic binding protein

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31
Q

What proteins are required for gram positives in ABC systems?

A

transmembrane, ATP hydrolyzing, and substrate binding on external surface of cytoplasmic membrane

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32
Q

Define Metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell

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33
Q

Define catabolism

A

energy releasing metabolic reactions

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34
Q

Where do chemoorganotrophs get their energy?

A

from organic chemicals

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35
Q

Where do chemolithotrophs get their energy?

A

Oxidizing inorganic compounds

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36
Q

Where do Phototrophs get their energy>

A

convert light to ATP

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37
Q

Where do heterotrophs get their energy

A

Obtaining carbon from organic substances

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38
Q

Where do autotrophs get their energy

A

obtaining carbon from CO2

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39
Q

What is the reducing power in fueling products?

A

NADH

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40
Q

What do fueling reactions supply?

A

Energy, Reducing power, and 13 precursor metabolites

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41
Q

What does the entry process do?

A

Move organic and inorganic food substrates from enviornment into the cell

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42
Q

What does the Feeder pathway do>

A

convert intracellular food substrates into a metabolite of central metabolism

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43
Q

what is central metabolism?

A

a group of pathways which produce all the precursor metabolites

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44
Q

What is the simplest way to generate ATP?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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45
Q

What is the first step of substrate level phosphorylation?

A

A organic substrate becomes phosphorylated

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46
Q

What is the second step of substrate level phosphorylation?

A

The phosphorylated substrate is oxidized and energy is trapped

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47
Q

What cycles is substrate level phosphorylation pertinent to?

A

glycolytic pathway and TCA cycle

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48
Q

What is the equation for lactic acid fermentation?

A

Pyruvate + NADH—-> lactic acid + NAD+

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49
Q

where is lactic acid fermentation found?

A

bacteria, some protozoa, human skeletal muscle

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50
Q

what are the bacteria that produce only lactic acid?

A

homolactic fermenters

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51
Q

What are the bacteria that produce other products beside lactic acid such as ethanol, CO2?

A

heterolactic fermenters

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52
Q

How many steps is alcoholic fermentation?

A

2

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53
Q

what are the 2 equations of alcoholic fermentation?

A

pyruvate-> acetaldehyde +CO2
acetaldehyde +NADH-> ethanol +NAD+

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54
Q

where is alcoholic fermentation found?

A

fungi and yeasts mainly, but some bacteria

55
Q

what are the equations for formic acid and mixed acid fermentation?

A

pyruvate+CoA-> acetyl CoA + formic acid
HCOOH -> CO2 +H2

56
Q

Why is formic acid and mixed acid fermentations useful?

A

for identification

57
Q

What gradient generates the most microbial energy?

A

transmembrane ion gradients

58
Q

how is the membrane energized?

A

by proton motive force

59
Q

What are the two components of the transmembrane ion gradient?

A

F0 and F1

60
Q

Is the F0 portion hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic because it traverses the membrane and conducts ions through the F1

61
Q

Where is the F1 component found?

A

located on the interior surface of the membrane

62
Q

What is the F1 components use?

A

to catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP and dehydration synthesis of ATP

63
Q

What are the 4 ways to generate transmembrane ion gradients?

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Enzyme pumps
  3. photosynthesis
  4. scalar reactions
64
Q

Where does eukaryotic respiration occur?

A

Within the mitochondrial membrane complex

65
Q

What type of respiration is it when O2 is the final electron acceptor which results in reduction of O2 to water

A

aerobic

66
Q

what type of respiration is present when any other molecule is the final electron acceptor?

A

anaerobic

67
Q

In photosynthesis what does light energy activate and where does it come from

A

an electron from chlorophyl causing it to go down the ETC to ground state chlorphyll or NADP+

68
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

H2A+CO2-> A + carbohydrate

69
Q

cyanobacteria is an example of what type of bacteria

A

photoautotrophic

70
Q

what is an example of anoxygenic bacteria?

A

purple sulfur and nonsulfer bacteria

71
Q

where are the substrates and products in scalar reactions?

A

in the same location or compartment

72
Q

what is an example of scalar reaction bacteria?

A

oxalobacter formigenes which decarboxylate oxalate to form formate creating a proton gradient

73
Q

what are the 3 pathways of central metabolism?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pentose phosphate pathway
  3. TCA cycle
74
Q

what is another name that the glycolysis pathway goes by?

A

Embden Meyerhof Parnas (EMP)

75
Q

what does the glycolysis pathway yield

A

pyruvate, other precursor metabolites, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP

76
Q

what is the pentose phosphate pathway for

A

an alternative route for converting G6P to triosephosphate

77
Q

What does the pentose phosphate pathway yield?

A

2 additional precursors 2 NADH

78
Q

The TCA cycle is fed from pyruvate through a linker precursor metabolite called…

A

Acetyl coenzyme A

79
Q

What does the TCA cycle yield?

A

3 precursor metabolites, 4 NADH, 2 CO2

80
Q

T or F: Bacteria and Archaea are able to reproduce sexually

A

false, only asexual and haploid

81
Q

what is the generation time of E.Coli?

A

20 mins

82
Q

what are the two pathways of the bacterial cell cycle?

A
  1. DNA repliaction and partition
  2. cytokinesis
83
Q

what shape are bacterial chromosomes?

A

circular

84
Q

what is the orgin of replication?

A

the site at which replication begin. There is only 1

85
Q

what is a replisome?

A

a group of proteins needed for DNA synthesis

86
Q

what does the replisome physically do?

A

pushes daughter chromosomes to opposite ends

87
Q

what does MreB play a role in?

A

determination of cell shape and chromosome segregation

88
Q

what happens if MreB is mutated?

A

the chromosomes do not segregate

89
Q

what structure must form in septation?

A

Z ring

90
Q

what kind of homolog is MreB?

A

an actin homolog

91
Q

what type of homologue is protein FtsZ?

A

tubulin homologue

92
Q

What forms from the polymerization of protein FtsZ?

A

the Z ring

93
Q

What does the MinCDE system do in E.Coli?

A

limits the Z ring to the center of the cell

94
Q

What does the MinCDE system do in general?

A

link the Z ring to the cell membrane

95
Q

What is the function of proteins FtsA and ZipA?

A

anchor the Z ring to plasma membrane

96
Q

What function does the FtsZ protein do?

A

form the z ring

97
Q

what does the function FtsK hold?

A

chromosome segregation and seperation of chromosome dimers

98
Q

what is the function of the FtsQLB protein?

A

a scaffold for assembly of proteins in peptidoglycan synthesis

99
Q

what is the function of Ftsl and FtsW proteins?

A

peptidoglycan synthesis

100
Q

what is the function of FtsN protein?

A

trigger constriction initiation

101
Q

what do penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) do?

A

link peptidoglycan strands and catalyze controlled degradation for new growth

102
Q

where does new peptidoglycan form in cocci divisome?

A

at the central septum

103
Q

Do rods elongate before or after septation

A

before

104
Q

what does FtsZ do in cocci divisome?

A

determines the site of cell wall growth and recruite PBP for synthesis of septum

105
Q

what does MreB do in Rod divisome ?

A

determines cell diameter and elongation as Z ring forms in the center

106
Q

what is a batch culture?

A

a closed system microbial culture of fixed volume

107
Q

what is the lag phase?

A

the interval between inoculation of a culture and beginning of growth
the time needed for biosynthesis of new enzymes and to produce required metabolites before growth can begin

108
Q

what is the log phase

A

rate of growth and division is constant and maximal

109
Q

what growth is the most uniform and typically considered the healthiest?

A

log phase

110
Q

what phase is typically considered balanced growth?

A

log phase

111
Q

what are some reasons for stationary phase

A

nutrient limitation, limited oxygen, waste accumulation, critical population reached

112
Q

What does RpoS protein assist?

A

Rna polymerase in transcribing genes for starvation proteins

113
Q

what protein protects DNA

A

Dps

114
Q

What is the equation for exponential growth

A

N=N02^n
N=final number
N0=initial cell number
n=the number of generations during the period of exponential growth

115
Q

what is the equation for generation time

A

g=t/n
g=generation time
t=duration of exponential growth
n= number of generations

116
Q

what manner do biofilms use to communicate?

A

quorom sensing

117
Q

what type of bacteria produces AHL?

A

gram negative

118
Q

what does AHL do once inside the cell?

A

induces the expression of target genes

119
Q

what are cardinal temperatures?

A

the minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures

120
Q

where are psycrophiles found?

A

cold environments

121
Q

where are thermophiles found?

A

in hot environments

122
Q

what are the cardinal temperatures for psycrophiles?

A

opt:15
Max: 20
min: 0

123
Q

what are the cardinal temperatures for psycrotolerant microbes

A

opt 20-40

124
Q

what are some adaptations that microbes have to survive the cold?

A

more a helices, more polar amino acids, fewer week bonds

125
Q

what is the optimum temperature for thermophiles

A

45-80

126
Q

what is the ph optimum for neutrophiles

A

5.5-7.9

127
Q

what is the optimum ph for acidophiles?

A

<5.5

128
Q

what is the optimum ph for alkaliphiles

A

> 8

129
Q

what enzymes convert H2O2 to O2 and H2O?

A

catalase and peroxidase

130
Q

what enzyme coverts 2 O2- to H2O2 and O2?

A

superoxide dismutase

131
Q

what enzyme converts O2- to H2O2 without producing O2

A

superoxide reductase

132
Q

what type of acid is contained in endospores

A

dipicolinic acid

133
Q

what is the outer layer of endospre

A

exosporium

134
Q

what ion is endospores enriched in

A

Ca2+

microbiology 416 (1 decks)

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