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University - Microbiology > Microbial Metabolic diversity > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolic diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are organic compounds called

A

Heterotrophs

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2
Q

What are inorganic compounds called

A

Autotrophs

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3
Q

What is an inorganic source of electrons called

A

Litho

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4
Q

What is an organic source of electrons

A

Organo

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5
Q

What is catabolism

A

Breaking down of molecules

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6
Q

What is anabolism

A

Synthesis of molecules

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7
Q

Where do Phototrophs get their electrons

A

Use light as an energy source to reduce compounds then use these as electron donor

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8
Q

Where do chemolithotrophs get their electrons

A

Inorganic molecules

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9
Q

Where do Chemoorganotrophs get their electrons

A

Organic molecules

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10
Q

What are the electron acceptors

A

Respiration

Fermentation

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11
Q

What is the final electron acceptor

A

Oxygen

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12
Q

What happens as you move down the ETC

A

Reduction potential increases

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13
Q

What is energy conserved as in the electron transfer system

A

Transmembrane PMF which is used for ATP in ATP synthesis

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14
Q

When is a reaction possible

A

When Gibbs free energy is from low to high reduction potential

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15
Q

What is the eqn for Gibbs free energy

A

-nF(delta)E

n = number of electrons
F = Faraday constant
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16
Q

What are the 2 energy sources that underpin metabolism

A

NADH, NADPH and FADH2

ATP

The energy generated during
Electron transfer generates a proton
gradient that drives ATP synthesis

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17
Q

What are four compounds which can be used as a source of electrons

A

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Peptides

Aromatic compounds

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18
Q

What are the 2 key metabolites produced during glucose metabolism

A

Acetyl-CoA

Pyruvate

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19
Q

What are the 3 major metabolic types

A

Aerobic - O2 available

Anaerobic - Alternative Electron acceptor

Fermentation - No alternative

20
Q

What does electron transport occur through

A

Quinones and iron-sulfur proteins

21
Q

Why is anoxygenic respiration important

A

to exploit a wide range of ecological niches

22
Q

What is dentrification

A

The process in which nitrates are converted into oxygen

23
Q

How is Acetate used in methanogensis

A

CH3-COO- + H+ -> CH4 + CO2

24
Q

How is methanol used in methanogenesis

A

4CH3OH -> 3CH4 + CO2 + 2H2O

25
Q

What differentiates anaeobic respiration from fermentation

A

Anerobic uses inorganic molecules other than O2 as an electron acceptor via a membrane bound respiratory chain
ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation via the PMF)

Fermentation uses organic molecules as electron receptors without the ETC
ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation in the cytoplasm

26
Q

What are key features of fermentation

A

Occurs under anaerobic conditions when no electron acceptor is available

ATP is NOT produced by oxidative phosphorylation but Substrate Level Phosphorylation (SLP).

Fermentation energy yields are low; cells grow more slowly than when they respire.

27
Q

What is the major source of electrons in chemolithotrophs

A

Can extract electrons from many compounds to power metabolism

Hydrogen –> hydrogenotrophic

28
Q

What are the important properties of Chemolithotrophs

A

Most chemolithotrophs use CO2 as a carbon source to produce organic molecules via Calvin cycle, reverse TCA cycle (reverse Krebs)

They can also use more complex molecules (acetate)

To fix carbon, they require NADH

This requires the consumption of H+ for a reverse electron flow process

29
Q

What is hydrogenotrophy

A

Using hydrogen (H2) as an electron donor

H2 is a excellent electron donor thatcan use a wide range of acceptors

Hydrogenotrophs are can use a wide range of electron acceptors

30
Q

When is oxygen seen as an electron acceptor

A

In the formation of Water

31
Q

When is So4 2- seen as an electron receptor

A

In the formation of water and HS-

32
Q

When is CO2 seen as an electron acceptor

A

In the formation of water and methane

33
Q

When can iron be oxidised to Fe3+

A

At low pHs

34
Q

When does Fe3+ become ferric hydroxide

A

As the pH gets lower

35
Q

What is the electron acceptor in iron oxidation

A

Nitrates as well as oxygen

36
Q

When does nitrification occur

A

Aerobic conditions

37
Q

When does Anamox occur

A

Anaerobic conditions

38
Q

When is sulfur oxidation used

A

Acid-producing microbes for biomining
Oxidize sulfide of iron and copper (FeCuS2, Cu2S)
the oxidation of Cu+ and acid production dissolves
the metal from the rocks

39
Q

What photosystems are used in photsynthesis (Oxygenic)

Anoxygenic

A

PS1 and PS2

Br, PS1 and PS2

40
Q

What is bacteriorhodopsin

A

An abundant light-driven proton pump in archaea membranes

Covalently attached retinal to redoxin
Upon light exposure, pigment can trigger a movement of electrons

Pulls out a proton from the structure which is replaced by the environment

The movement of protons generates a gradient used to produce ATP

41
Q

What are the features of cyanobacteria

A

Photosynthetic, No chloroplasts, Sometimes no thylakoids, ancestor of the chloroplast

42
Q

How do cyanobacteria photosynthesis

A

Light captured by photosystems –> channel energy to reaction center –> Contain several pigments which use at various wavelengths (chlorphyll, carotenoids and bilins)

Oxygenic pathway: light provides energy to strip e- from H2O, yielding H+, the electrons flow is used to pump protons outside the cell and reduce NADP+, the H+ gradient is used to generate ATP and the NADPH and ATP are used to fix CO2 (make glucose)

43
Q

What do green sulfur bacteria used for energy

A

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

44
Q

What is the process of anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

Light is captured by antenna complexes in organelles called chlorosomes, Photon energy is transferred to the PSI reaction centre
PSI donates an electron to the ETC
Electron transport pumps protons outside the cell and reduce NADP+ via ferredoxin the H+ gradient is used to generate ATP
PSI receives electrons from inorganic sulfur derivatives (H2, H2S)

45
Q

How do purple bacteria photosynthesise

A

Anoxygenically

  • Light is captured by antenna complexes in organelles called chromatophores

Same process as Green sulfur bacteria but uses cyclic ETC and Cyclic photophosphorylation. The electron flow is also reversed

  • Photon energy is transferred to the PSII reaction centre
46
Q

What are good electron donors

A

They have negative reduction potential

47
Q

What is produced in anaerobic respiration

A

Lactic acid or ethanol and ATP molecules.

University - Microbiology (8 decks)

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