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POM IMMUNOLOGY > Microbial Infection > Flashcards

Microbial Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five main types of infectious agents?

A

Viruses, fungi, helminths, Protozoa and bacteria

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2
Q

What is the definition of a virus?

A

A obligate parasite
They are not ells in their own right
They contain RNA or DNA as genetic material

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3
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

By infecting a host cell and using their nuclear synthetic machinery

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4
Q

What can viruses infect?

A

All life forms, including bacteria
But they show host specificity

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5
Q

How do viruses divide?

A

by budding out of host cell, or cytolysis

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6
Q

What are some routes of infection for viruses?

A

various routes of infection
e.g., faecal-oral, airborne, insect vectors, blood borne

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7
Q

What does HIV (retrovirus) RNA genome require?

A

reverse transcriptase

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8
Q

What was used to treat polio virus?

A

Pressure machines, to make it easier to breath

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9
Q

What virus can cause cervical cancer?

A

papilloma virus

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10
Q

What type of cells are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotes

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11
Q

DO prokaryotes and eukaryotes have internal membranes?

A

No, photosynthetic bacteria are an exception

Eukaryotes have internal membranes that define organelles including nucleus, ER, mitochondria

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12
Q

Are prokaryotes/ eukaryotes haploid or diploid?

A

prokaryotes are haploid (single copy of chromosome)
eukaryotes can be haploid or diploid

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13
Q

What type of organisms are fungi?

A

Eukaryotes - Single cell

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14
Q

What type of organisms are protozoa?

A

Eukaryotes - single cells

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15
Q

What type of organisms are helminths?

A

Eukaryotes - multicellular

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16
Q

What type of genetic material do viruses contain?

A

RNA or DNA

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17
Q

What is an example of a virus and what type f genetic matter does it have?

A

HIV - Is a retrovirus so has RNA

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18
Q

what is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes do not have internal membranes and therefore do not have membrane bound organelles

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19
Q

What is the difference in cytoskeleton between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes cytoskeleton is poorly defined.
Eukaryotic cells have well developed cytoskeleton

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20
Q

What does the prokaryote cell wall contain?

A

Peptidoglycan

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21
Q

How do prokaryotes divide?

A

Binary fission

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22
Q

What structure of bacteria allows them to move?

A

Flagellum

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23
Q

What type of DNA do bacteria have?

A

Double stranded DNA

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24
Q

How does Shigella spread?

A

Faecal-oral transmission

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25
Q

How does shigella spread from cell to cell?

A

invades and destroys the cell by using host cell actin

26
Q

Which bacteria causes meningitis?

A

Neisseria Meningitidis - when it infects the CSF

27
Q

What is the result of septicaemia on the body?

A

Rapid progression, septic shock and a severe inflammatory response

28
Q

How would you describe Neisseria meningitidis?

A

community acquired (multiple serogroups)
commensal to pathogen

29
Q

What is another way to say hospital-acquired?

A

nosocomial

30
Q

Which bacteria are commonly responsible for hospital acquired infections?

A

Clostridium difficile (forms spores which are hard to remove)
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

31
Q

Which bacteria causes peptic ulcers and gastric cancer?

A

Helicobacter pylori

32
Q

How is mycobacterium tuberculosis spread?

A

Airborne

33
Q

What is the top infectious killer in the world?

A

tuberculosis

34
Q

How do bacteria evolve so quickly?

A

They have similar mutation rates to humans, however have a much shorter generation time - therefore reproduce much more often, so more mutations when the generation time is shorter

35
Q

What three types of conditions can fungi cause?

A

Cuteanous, Mucosal or systemic mycoses

36
Q

How do fungi occur as?

A

Yeasts, filaments or both

37
Q

How do yeasts replicate?

A

They bud or divide

38
Q

What is a cutaneous infection?

A

skin

39
Q

What is an example of an infectious fungi?

A

CANDIDA ALBICANS

40
Q

What are two characteristic features of filaments?

A

They have cross walls or septa

41
Q

What do protozoa include?

A

Unicellular eukaryotic organisms
- include intestinal, blood and tissue parasites

42
Q

How do protozoa replicate?

A

replicate in the host by binary fission or by formation of trophozoites inside a cell

43
Q

How is a protozoa infection acquired?

A

infection is acquired by ingestion or through a vector
e.g., malaria and leishmaniasis

44
Q

How many hosts does the protozoa life cycle involve?

A

2

45
Q

Where can protozoa pathogens be found?

A

intestines, blood and tissue

46
Q

How does the pathogen which causes malaria replicate?

A

Forms trophozoites inside the host cell

47
Q

How is Malaria infection acquired?

A

Thrugh a mosquit vector

48
Q

What is the malaria belt?

A

The belt around the equator line in which the incidence of malaria is the highest - corresponds with high temperatures

49
Q

How does malaria replicate?

A

it is a blood and tissue parasite, by formation of trophozoites inside a cell

50
Q

What condition does Leishmania species cause?

A

LEISHMANIASIS

51
Q

How is Leishmaniasis infection acquired?

A

Via sandfly vector

52
Q

How does the Leishmania species replicate to cause Leishmaniasis?

A

Formation of trophozoites inside a cell

53
Q

What are helminths?

A

metazoa with eukaryotic cells

54
Q

Are helminths visible to the naked eye?

A

Yes; multi-cellular

55
Q

What are three examples of helminths?

A

Roundwords e.g., ascaris
Flatworms (flukes)
Tapeworms

56
Q

What type of transmission do helminths exhibit?

A

Faecal-oral transmission

57
Q

What disease do flukes cause?

A

Schistosomiasis

58
Q

Where is the lifecycle of helminths?

A

outside the human host

59
Q

What is a major health priority?

A

developing new strategies to prevent (vaccines) and treat (drugs) infection

60
Q

What does effective treatment require?

A

knowledge of the causative agent
- its source and means of transmission
- how they cause damage and how the human body reacts

POM IMMUNOLOGY (13 decks)

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