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IMMUNOLOGY AND INFECTION - POM > Microbial Infection > Flashcards

Microbial Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five main types of infectious agents?

A

Viruses, fungi, helminths, Protozoa and prokaryotes

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2
Q

What is the definition of a virus?

A

A obligate parasite

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3
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

By infecting a host cell and using their nuclear synthetic macheinery

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4
Q

What can viruses infect?

A

All life forms, including other bacteria

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5
Q

What type of cell is a virus?

A

They are not cells in their own right

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6
Q

What type of cells are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotes

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7
Q

What type of organisms are fungi?

A

Eukaryotes - Single cell

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8
Q

What type of organisms are protozoa?

A

Eukaryotes - single cells

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9
Q

What type of organisms are helminths?

A

Eukaryotes - multicellular

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10
Q

What type of genetic material do viruses contain?

A

RNA or DNA

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11
Q

How do viruses divide? - 2

A

By budding out of the host cell or by cytolysis

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12
Q

What are the four routes of infection that viruses can show?

A

Faecal-oral, airborn, insect vectors, blood borne

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13
Q

What is an example of a virus and what type of genetic matter does it have?

A

HIV - Is a retrovirus so has RNA

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14
Q

What do RNA genomes require in order to replicate?

A

Reverse transcriptase enzyme

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15
Q

what is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes do not have internal membranes and therefore do not have membrane bound organelles

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16
Q

Which bacteria has membrane bound organelles despite being a prokaryote?

A

Photosynthetic bacteria

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17
Q

What is the genetic makeup of a prokaryotic organism?

A

Haploid - single copy of chromosome

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18
Q

What is the difference in cytoskeleton between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes cytoskeleton = poorly defined.
Eukaryotic cells = well developed cytoskeleton

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19
Q

What does the prokaryote cell wall contain?

A

Peptidoglycan

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20
Q

How do prokaryotes divide?

A

Binary fission

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21
Q

What structure of bacteria allows them to move?

A

Flagellum

22
Q

How does Shigella spread?

A

Faecal-oral transmission

23
Q

How does shigella spread from cell to cell?

A

Using host cell actin

24
Q

Which bacteria causes meningitis?

A

Neisseria Meningitidis - when it infects the CSF

25
Q

What is the result of septicaemia on the body?

A

Septic shock and a severe inflammatory response

26
Q

Which bacteria are commonly responsible for hospital acquired infections?

A

Clostridium difficile

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

27
Q

Which bacteria causes peptic ulcers and gastric cancer?

A

Helicobacter pylori

28
Q

How is mycobacterium tuberculosis spread?

A

Airborne

29
Q

How do bacteria evolve so quickly?

A

They have similar mutation rates to humans, however have a much shorter generation time - therefore reproduce much more often, so more mutations when the generation time is shorter

30
Q

what are mucosal mycoses?

A

A fungal infection of the oral mucosa

31
Q

what are cutaneous mycoses?

A

superficial fungal infections of the skin, hair or nails

32
Q

What three types of conditions can fungi cause - 3

A

Cuteanous, Mucosal or systemic mycoses

33
Q

How do fungi occur as? - 2

A

Yeasts, filaments or both

34
Q

How do yeasts replicate?

A

They bud or divide

35
Q

What is an example of an infectious fungi?

A

CANDIDA ALBICANS

36
Q

What are two characteristic features of filaments?

A

They have cross walls or septa

37
Q

How do protozoa replicate? - 2

A

replicate in the host by binary fission OR by formation of trophozoites inside a cell

38
Q

How is a protozoa infection acquired?

A

infection is acquired by ingestion or through a vector

39
Q

How many hosts does the protozoa life cycle involve?

A

2

40
Q

Where can protozoa pathogens be found? - 3

A

intestines, blood and tissue

41
Q

How does the pathogen which causes malaria replicate?

A

Forms trophozoites inside the host cell

42
Q

How is Malaria infection acquired?

A

Thrugh a mosquito vector

43
Q

What is the malaria belt?

A

The belt around the equator line in which the incidence of malaria is the highest - corresponds with high temperatures

44
Q

What condition does Leishmania species cause?

A

LEISHMANIASIS

45
Q

How is Leishmaniasis infection acquired?

A

Via sandfly vector

46
Q

what are trophozoites

A

a growing stage in the life cycle of some sporozoan parasites, when they are absorbing nutrients from the host.

47
Q

How does the Leishmania species replicate to cause Leishmaniasis?

A

Formation of trophozoites inside a cell

48
Q

What are three exmples of helminths?

A

Roundwords
Flatworms
Tapeworms

49
Q

What type of transmission do helminths exhibit?

A

Faecal-oral transmission

50
Q

Which bacterial pathogen are metazoa?

A

Helminths - multicellular

51
Q

What type of worm are flukes?

A

Flat worms

52
Q

What disease do flukes cause?

A

Schistosomiasis

IMMUNOLOGY AND INFECTION - POM (14 decks)

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