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Microbiology > Microbial Growth > Flashcards

Microbial Growth Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Heterotroph

A

A microorganism that requires and external source of nutrition

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2
Q

Ectoparasite

A

A parasite that lives on the outside of the body.
ecto = outside
example: lice

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3
Q

Endoparasite

A

a parasite that lives in the organs and tissues of its host
endo = inside
example: tapeworms

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4
Q

Intracellular parasite

A

A parasite that lives within the cells of its host
intra = extra inside
example: malaria lives inside of an infected host’s red blood cells

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5
Q

Obligate parasite

A

a parasite that can only live and reproduce within the body or cells of its host
they are unable to grow outside of a host
example: virus

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6
Q

Parasite

A

any microorganism that lives/derives its nutrients off a host
also called a pathogen

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7
Q

Minimum growth temperature

A

The lowest temperature that permits a microbes continued growth
the growth rate will not be enough to cause an infection

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8
Q

optimal growth temperature

A

the best temperature that promotes rapid cell growth

the temperature where a microorganism with most likely cause an infection

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9
Q

maximum growth temperature

A

the highest temperature that growth can proceed with

the growth rate will not be enough to cause an infection

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10
Q

Psychrophile

A

a cold loving microbe
they cannot grow over 20 C
example: listeria, the microorganism lives and rapidly reproduces at fridge temperatures. the reason that lettuce etc. gets recalled
psychro = psycho because they love the cold

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11
Q

Mesophile

A

a microbe that grows in moderate temperatures
most mesophiles grow optimally at 37 C or normal human body temperature
mesophiles cause disease in humans and animals
meso = moderate

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12
Q

Thermophile

A

a heat loving microbe
they cannot grow below 50 C
they won’t cause disease in humans
thermo = thermos, keeps things HOT

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13
Q

hyperthermophile

A

a thermophile that will only grow above 100 C

grows at and above the boiling point of water

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14
Q

obligate aerobe

A

a microorganism that NEEDS to have oxygen to live.

example: humans, humans cannot live without oxygen

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15
Q

obligate anaerobe

A

a microorganism that CANNOT be exposed to oxygen otherwise it will die

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16
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

a microbe that doesn’t require oxygen for its metabolism although it does benefit with oxygen present

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17
Q

catalase

A

an enzyme that breaks down H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) to H20 and O2 gas.

This enzyme is present is aerobes and facultative anaerobes because hydrogen peroxide is a toxic byproduct of cellular reactions that oxygen enters.

catalase = catalyst = enzyme

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18
Q

acidophile

A

an organism that grows in acidic environments

pH is below 7

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19
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration until the concentration is equal on both sides of the cell membrane

this is a passive and spontaneous process meaning it does not require energy and happens naturally

diffusion goes with the concentration gradient

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20
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of water

21
Q

semipermeable membrane

A

all cell membranes are semipermeable

a membrane where some molecules can pass automatically but other molecules cannot pass freely.

small molecules like water and salt typically pass freely while larger molecules like proteins and carbohydrates cannot

22
Q

solute

A

anything suspended in a solution

the most common solutes are salts and sugars

23
Q

Concentration gradient

A

a separation of solute where on one side of a semipermeable membrane the concentration is high and on the other side the solute concentration is low

essentially the difference in concentration between a high area and a low area.

24
Q

osmophile

A

an organism that lives in environments with a high solute concentration

25
Q

halophile

A

an organism that prefers to live in a high concentration of salt

26
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

a type of diffusion where large compounds go through specific membrane channels.

facilitated diffusion is still a passive process that goes with the concentration gradient

27
Q

active transport

A

transport that occurs against the concentration gradient meaning the flow is from low concentration to high concentration

this is an active process that requires ATP

28
Q

Phagocytosis

A

when a cell engulfs either solid or liquid material

an active process

29
Q

endocytosis

A

a type of phagocytosis

cell eating

the cells uses its membrane to ingest solid material

30
Q

pinocytosis

A

a type of phagocytosis

cell drinking

when a cell ingests liquid

31
Q

symbiosis

A

a situation where two organisms live together in a close relationship

32
Q

mutualism

A

a beneficial symbiotic relationship :)

organisms live in an obligatory but mutually beneficial relationship

33
Q

commensalism

A

a relationship where one organism receives a benefit but the other is neither harmed nor benefited :/

“just chilling”

34
Q

parasitism

A

a relationship where one organism lives at the expensive of the other :(

the host provides the parasite with nutrients and a habitat while the parasite contributes nothing to the host

35
Q

synergism

A

a relationship between two or more organisms that benefits them both but is not obligatory for their survival

2 things have an additive effect but are just fine without each other

36
Q

microbial antagonism

A

when bacterial species fight for nutrition and space.

competition prevents bacteria from overgrowing and causing infection

37
Q

normal/resident flora

A

microbes that normally live on and inside of you

more or less permanent residents of your body

38
Q

binary fission

A

the bacterial reproduction process

bacteria make an exact copy of themselves

39
Q

generation/doubling time

A

the time it takes to complete one fission cycle

40
Q

What is the optimum pH range for most microorganisms?

A

6-8

41
Q

Explain why using catalase as a protective measure against poisoning by hydrogen peroxide is deadly to an obligate anaerobe

A

the end product of the reaction catalyzed by catalase produced oxygen. obligate anaerobes die after exposure to oxygen.

42
Q

Explain Isotonic

A

Isotonic has an equal movement of water in and out of the cell.

The cell membrane is the ideal shape and it is at its maximum function

43
Q

Explain Hypotonic

A

With a hypotonic situation there is more solute INSIDE the cell than outside.

Water flow inside the cell exceeds water flow out of the cell. Water wants to enter the cell to dilute the solute.

The cell will become swollen and eventually burst or lyse.

in terms of the solutions… hypo = less -> less solute in the solution

44
Q

Explain Hypertonic

A

With a hypertonic situation there is more solute on the OUTSIDE of the cell.

Water flow out of the cell exceeds water flow into the cell.

The cell membrane becomes distorted and shriveled. The cell membrane loses function as the cell crinkles

in terms of the solutions… hyper = more -> more solute in the solution

45
Q

Bacterial growth curve: Lag Phase

A

first stage in the curve. flat line near the bottom of the graph. cells are adjusting to the new environment it has entered

cells are not reproducing at their maximum rate

46
Q

Bacterial growth curve: Exponential Growth

A

second stage in the curve. rising line on a steep slope. cells are at their maximum rate of division.

The cells are in a favorable environment where there is lots of nutrients and a low amount of waste.

47
Q

Bacterial growth curve: Stationary Growth

A

third stage of the curve. the line has flattened near the top of the graph.

Cell growth = cell death

48
Q

Bacterial growth curve: Death Phase

A

the fourth and final stage of the curve. the line decreases on a steep slope. Cells begin to die at an exponential rate

The nutrients are gone and the waste has become toxic.

Microbiology (2 decks)

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