microbial groups Flashcards
what kind of micro organisms are deemed large?-
Fungi,algae, protozoa
which ones are deemed intermediate in size?
protozoa-single celled eukaryotes
algae- photosynthetic microorganisms that vary in size
which ones are deemed smaller
Most bacteria
archaea
viruses
prions
What aspects of the environment dictate what can grow where?
things of the environment like water availability, pH, human interaction, oxygen levels, light, temperature, etc
describe bacteria
tiny and simple
cell walls made of peptidoglycan
can live almost anywhere
some helpful some harmful
describe archaea
tiny and simple cells
describe protists
more complex, like us
many types include algae and protozoa
some make food some eat other things
Have true nucleus
describe algae
plant like protists
photosynthetic
mostly in water
describe protozoa
one cell eukaryotes
animal like protists
eat other tiny bacteria
describe fungi
multicellular
don’t make food absorb it
help break things down
can be helpful/harmful
describe viruses
need a host to replicate
can cause diseases
what’s another word for organisms that can cause disease/illness?
pathogens
what pathogens cause illness/disease?
bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites
why should we care about these pathogens and them causing illness
it can effect the population in a negative manner
what is magnification?
making something look bigger than what it is.
what is total magnification?
the combination of the eye piece magnification and the objective lens
what is illumination?
lighting up something to be seen
what is resolution?
ability to see fine details in image, basically how sharp/clear something is
what is resolving power?
measure of how well a microscope or camera can distinguish between two closely spaced objects.
what is staining?
adding color to make smaller things in biology easier to see.
If the resolving power is 200 nm (.2 micrometers), can I resolve two items 100 nm apart?
no, ideally you need the objects distance to be higher than the resolving power. In this case distance needs to be <200
what is cell theory?
all living things are made of cells, and the basic unit of structure.
what scientists help discover cell theory
Robert Hooke, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow,
one key researcher in spontaneous generation was Francesco Redi what did he find
worked with an experiment with covered meat to see if maggots would appear he helped disprove spontaneous generation1
a key researcher of spontaneous generation Antoine van Leeuwenhoek did what?
helped develop microscopes to see tiny microorganisms
a key researcher in spontaneous generation was Lazzaro Spallanzani what did he do
boiled liquids and sealed them to counter the idea of spontaneous generation
what did Louis Pasteur do for spontaneous generation
proved that microorganisms could not appear in sterile broth if it remained sealed.
what did John Tyndall do for spontaneous generation
showed there were heat resistant microbial heat spores
simply what is endosymbiosis
simple cells and tinier cells working together to become a more complex cell
simply explain generalized prokaryote
structured like a small simple cell does not have a nucleus. it does have a cell wall, cytoplasm, cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes
Membrane (bacteria vs archaea vs eukaryote ) differences
the archaea have a monolayer unlike the others with a bilayer.
the bacteria has a bilayer and cell wall made of peptidoglycan
eukaryotes have a bilayer but do not have a peptidoglycan layer, instead can be covered by chitin or cellulose
key things about gram + cell walls
thick peptidoglycan layer in cell wall and no cell membrane
key things about gram - cell walls
-thinner peptidoglycan layer compared to Gram-positives. This peptidoglycan cell wall s between an inner and outer membrane the cell wall is in the periplasm space
acid fast bacteria
has a thick cell wall and has mycolic acid making it more resistant to stains
what does Glycocalyx do for the bacterial cell?
its like a sugary coating, it can be loose and helps with sticking to surfaces
what does slime layer do for bacteria?
it is slimy and helps bacteria stick and protects them
what does capsule layer do for bacteria?
tightly packed sugary layer that is like a shield making bacteria dangerous
what is the external structure of the s-layer like?
like a bullet proof vest
what externa structure does flagellum have
whip like structure to help movement by propelling
external structure of fimbriae
little hair like structures to help bacteria grab onto surfaces
external structure of Pili
similar to fimbriae, longer but fewer hair like structures that seem like hooks
explain internal structure of nucleoid
less complex and dna is in a long string in a way not chain like in the nuclei
what do ribosomes do?
make proteins
what structures are always there
cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, nucleoid
differences in g+ and g- cell wall
g+ have a thicker peptidoglycan layer
difference in g+ and g- membrane
g- has an outer membrane
g+ and g- capsule
g+ can have a capsule but less common in comparison to g- capsule which is there to evade immune system
which one has a periplasm the space between the inner and outer membrane g- or g+?
g-
internal structure of the nuclear membrane explain
protective shell around the nucleus and it has tiny opening to allow certain things to pass
explain the internal layer of nucleus
there is the nuclear envelope controlling what comes in and out the nucleus including the chromatin holding dna and nucleoli for protein synthesis
structure of smooth/rough ER
Rough ER makes proteins and the smooth ER deals with lipid
explain the golgi
receives proteins and moves it to the proper place within or outside the cell`
simply explain motility mechanisms
help movement
what is usually always present
cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material
what is variable
cell walls, nuclear membrane, organelles, flagella and cilia , pili and fimbriae
what are plants cell walls made of?
cellulose
what are fungi cell walls made of
chitin
