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Microbiology I > Microbial Genetics: DNA, RNA, Chromosomes, and Components > Flashcards

Microbial Genetics: DNA, RNA, Chromosomes, and Components Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic building block of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

Nucleotides are composed of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.

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2
Q

What sugar is found in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose is a five-carbon sugar specific to DNA.

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3
Q

Which nitrogen base pairs with adenine in DNA?

A

Thymine

Adenine forms hydrogen bonds with thymine in the double helix structure of DNA.

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4
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double stranded helix

DNA’s double helix is formed by the pairing of nitrogenous bases and the sugar-phosphate backbone.

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5
Q

What sugar is found in RNA?

A

Ribose

Ribose is a five-carbon sugar found in RNA.

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6
Q

Which nitrogen base pairs with adenine in RNA?

A

Uracil

Uracil replaces thymine in RNA and pairs with adenine.

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7
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A strand of nucleic acids and associated proteins that carry genetic information

Chromosomes are typically located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the nucleoid of bacteria.

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8
Q

What is a genome?

A

An organism’s complete set of DNA (or RNA in some viruses)

The genome contains all the genetic information necessary for the organism’s maintenance.

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9
Q

What type of DNA do bacteria usually have?

A

Circular DNA

Bacteria can also contain plasmids, which are extra-chromosomal circular DNA molecules.

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10
Q

How many histone proteins make up a nucleosome?

A

8

The nucleosome consists of 4 different histone proteins, with 2 of each type.

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11
Q

What role do histone proteins play in DNA?

A

They help package DNA into chromosomes

Histones also regulate genes and protect DNA from damage.

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12
Q

What enzyme binds to DNA during transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

RNA polymerase is essential for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.

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13
Q

What is the term for the process of DNA replication involving enzymes?

A

Helicase and topoisomerase

These enzymes help unwind and manage the DNA structure during replication.

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14
Q

True or False: Guanine binds with cytosine in DNA.

A

True

Guanine and cytosine pair through hydrogen bonding in the DNA structure.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: The chromosome of an organism is the strand of _______ and associated proteins that carries genetic information.

A

nucleic acids

Chromosomes are vital for storing and transmitting genetic information.

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16
Q

What is an endosome?

A

A membrane-bound compartment

Endosomes sort and transport materials within eukaryotic cells.

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17
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

An organelle that contains centrioles

Centrosomes play a crucial role in cell division in animal cells.

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18
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic Acid

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19
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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20
Q

True or False: RNA is typically single-stranded.

A

True

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21
Q

True or False: DNA is typically double-stranded.

A

True

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22
Q

What sugar is found in RNA?

A

Ribose

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23
Q

What sugar is found in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: The base ______ is found in RNA but not in DNA.

A

Uracil

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25
Which base is replaced by uracil in RNA?
Thymine
26
What is the primary function of RNA?
To transfer genetic information from DNA to proteins
27
What is the primary function of DNA?
To store and transmit genetic information
28
Multiple Choice: Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
29
Multiple Choice: Which type of RNA is involved in protein synthesis?
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
30
What is the process called by which DNA is copied into RNA?
Transcription
31
What is the process called by which RNA is used to synthesize proteins?
Translation
32
True or False: DNA can be found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
False
33
Where is DNA primarily located in a eukaryotic cell?
Nucleus
34
What is the shape of DNA?
Double helix
35
What is the shape of RNA?
Single-stranded
36
True or False: Both RNA and DNA contain the same four bases.
False
37
What type of bond links nucleotides in a DNA strand?
Phosphodiester bond
38
What type of bond links nucleotides in an RNA strand?
Phosphodiester bond
39
Fill in the blank: DNA replication is __________ while RNA synthesis is __________.
semi-conservative, non-conservative
40
What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template?
RNA polymerase
41
What is the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
To form the core of the ribosome's structure and catalyze protein synthesis
42
What is the main type of RNA involved in carrying instructions from DNA to the ribosome?
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
43
Multiple Choice: Which type of RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome?
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
44
True or False: RNA can act as a catalyst.
True
45
What are the three main types of RNA?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
46
What is the term for the sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a protein?
Gene
47
What is the complementary base pairing for adenine in DNA?
Thymine
48
What is the complementary base pairing for adenine in RNA?
Uracil
49
Fill in the blank: The process of converting mRNA into a polypeptide chain is called __________.
Translation
50
What is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNA processing?
Eukaryotic RNA undergoes splicing, capping, and polyadenylation
51
True or False: DNA is more stable than RNA.
True
52
What is the role of the promoter in transcription?
To initiate the transcription of a gene
53
What is the role of the terminator in transcription?
To signal the end of transcription
54
Multiple Choice: Which type of RNA is not involved in protein synthesis?
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
55
What is the significance of the 5' cap on mRNA?
It protects mRNA from degradation and assists in ribosome binding
56
What is the significance of the poly-A tail on mRNA?
It enhances the stability of the mRNA molecule
57
Fill in the blank: The genetic code is read in _______ during translation.
Codons
58
What is the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase?
To attach the correct amino acid to its corresponding tRNA
59
True or False: Mutations in DNA can lead to changes in RNA and ultimately proteins.
True
60
What is a codon?
A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for an amino acid
61
What is the difference in stability between RNA and DNA?
RNA is less stable due to the presence of the 2' hydroxyl group in ribose.

Microbiology I (9 decks)

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