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Microbial genetics > Microbial genetics > Flashcards

Microbial genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Extra chromosomal unit of heredity. It carries with it code for toxicity and antibiotic resistance. Replicates on its own

A

Plasmid

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2
Q

What are the 3 components of DNA nucleotides

A

Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, adenine-guanine-thymine-cytosine bases

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3
Q

Functions as a structural part of nucleic acid

A

Phosphate

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4
Q

Function is to express genetic information

A

Nitrogen bases

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5
Q

This RNA is the site of protein synthesis

A

rRNA

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6
Q

This RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis

A

tRNA

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7
Q

Template for protein synthesis

A

mRNA

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8
Q

2 parental strands of DNA are copied into 2 daughter strands

A

DNA replication

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9
Q

Each cell receives 1 parental strand and 1 daughter strand

A

semiconservative replication

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10
Q

Enzyme that synthesizes 2 nucleotide strands

A

DNA polymerase (POL III)

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11
Q

Enzyme that removes any mistaken base pairs

A

DNA exonuclease (POL I)

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12
Q

Enzyme that seals gaps and joins the 2 strands together

A

DNA ligase

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13
Q

Group of protein that recognize the origin of replication

A

DNA A Protein

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14
Q

Unwind the double helix ahead of replication fork

A

helicase

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15
Q

Remove supercoils that interfere with the further unwinding of the double helix

A

DNA topoisomerase

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16
Q

Leading strand is synthesized continuously in a _____________ direction by DNA polymerase

A

5’ to 3 ‘ direction

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17
Q

Synthesizes a short RNA primer which is extended by DNA polymerase III

A

RNA polymerase (primase)

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18
Q

Enzyme responsible for making mRNA

A

RNA polymerase

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19
Q

Helps the core enzyme attach more tightly to specific deoxyribonucleotide sequence of promoter region

A

sigma factor

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20
Q

Binding of RNAP holoenzyme to template at promoter site

A

Template binding

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21
Q

First nucleotide (usually a purine) associates with initiation site on B subunit of enzyme

A

Initiation

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22
Q

Successive residues are added to 3’ terminus with sequence dictated by base pairing rules

A

Elongation

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23
Q

This must occur to provide access for appropriate base pairing

A

DNA unwinding

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24
Q

Recognizes the termination signal. An ATP-dependent RNA-DNA helicase

A

rho factor

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25
Q

start codon for bacteria

A

formyl methionine

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26
Q

blocks assembly of the ribosome during initiation

A

streptomycin

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27
Q

blocks peptide bond formation during elongation

A

Chloramphenicol

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28
Q

blocks the second site on the ribosome during elongation

A

Tetracycline

29
Q

blocks translocase during elongation

A

Erythromycin

30
Q

What is the source of nutrient of bacteria

A

Glucose

31
Q

the site on a DNA molecule that carries the code for a certain cell function

A

Gene

32
Q

Process that occurs when a sufficient number of bacteria are present and producing a specific small molecule, virulence, and other genes are turned on

A

Quorum sensing

33
Q

This protein prevents gene expression by binding to a specific DNA sequence called the operator, blocking the RNA polymerase from initiating transcription at the promoter sequence

A

Repressor protein

34
Q

Binds to a specific DNA sequence and assists the RNA polymerase in the initiation steps by an unknown mechanism

A

Apoinducer

35
Q

Responsible for the degradation of the sugar lactose

A

lactose (lac) operon

36
Q

Indicate low glucose levels and the need to utilize alternative metabolic pathways

A

Increased cAMP levels

37
Q

Contains the structural genes necessary for tryptophan biosynthesis and is under dual transcriptional control mechanism

A

tryptophan operon

38
Q

example of operon that exhibits repression

A

Tryptophan

39
Q

any change in the base sequence of the DNA

A

mutation

40
Q

type of mutation that involves the addition or deletion of 1 or more bases

A

Frame shift mutations

41
Q

type of mutation that involves one base change in DNA

A

point mutation

42
Q

Single base substitution in the 3rd base nucleotide position of a codon. NO change in amino acid

A

Silent mutation

43
Q

Single base substitution in 1st or 2nd base nucleotide position of a codon. Results in change in amino acid

A

Missense mutation

44
Q

single base substitution that yield a stop codon

A

Nonsense mutation

45
Q

Example of alkylating agents

A

Formalin, nitrogen, mustard, ethylene oxide

46
Q

chemical mutagen that mimics a nitrogen base

A

base analogs

47
Q

Example of intercalating agents that inserts into DNA and pushes bases apart. It is a chemical produced by peanut and grain molds

A

Aflatoxin

48
Q

Physical mutagen that causes the formation of t=t dimers

A

nonionizing radiation

49
Q

Damages DNA by causing the formation of free radicals leading to mutations.

A

Ionizing radiation

50
Q

Process by which bacteria take up fragments of naked DNA and incorporate them into their genomes

A

Transformation

51
Q

A mating process between a donor F+( bacteria with fertility factor= plasmid) and an F -recipient cell

A

Conjugation

52
Q

Big chunks of DNA that randomly excise and relocate on the chromosome

A

Transposons (jumping genes)

53
Q

Transposition causes antibiotic resistance in this bacteria

A

Staph. aureus - methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain

54
Q

the transfer of genetic material from donor bacteria to recipient bacteria via transducing agent

A

transduction

55
Q

Type of transduction if the phages in question transfer particular genes ( usually those adjacent to their integration sites in the genome)

A

specialized transduction

56
Q

Type of transduction if incorporation of DNA sequences is random bacause of accidental packaging of host DNA into the phage capsid

A

Generalized transduction

57
Q

Incorporation of extra chromosomal DNA into the chromosome

A

Recombination

58
Q

Recombination that occurs between closely related DNA sequences and generally substitutes one sequence for another

A

Homologous (legitimate) recombination

59
Q

Recombination that occurs between dissimilar DNA sequences and generally produces insertions or deletions or both

A

Nonhomologous ( illegitimate) recombination

60
Q

Manipulation of the DNA to change its structure

A

Genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology

61
Q

What are basic components of genetic engineering

A

cloning and expression vectors, DNA sequence, enzymes, DNA ligase

62
Q

Engineered to have a site for insertion of foreign DNA

A

cloning vectors

63
Q

Used to cleave DNA reproducibly at defined sequences

A

Restriction enzymes

64
Q

Ligation of the vector with the DNA fragments generates a molecule called __________

A

recombinant DNA

65
Q

The DNA to be cloned can be obtained by purification of chromosomal DNA from cells, viruses, other plasmids or selective amplification of DNA sequences by a technique known as _______

A

polymerase chain reaction

66
Q

cuts both strands of the DNA in a gene so that the gene will be disabled

A

Cas 9 protein

67
Q

Uses a single, all purpose enzyme called cas 9 to do the slicing

A

CRISPR system

68
Q

+ glucose; - lactose

A

operon off

69
Q
  • glucose; + lactose
A

operon on

Microbial genetics (1 decks)

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