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MICRB 106 - Exam 2 > Microbial Genetics > Flashcards

Microbial Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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2
Q

What is the monomeric subunit of a nucleic acid?

A

A nucleotide

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A
  • Phosphate
  • Pentose sugar (DNA / RNA)
  • Nitrogenous base
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4
Q

What are the sugars found in DNA vs. RNA?

A
  • DNA - deoxyribose
  • RNA - ribose
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5
Q

What are the different nitrogenous bases found in DNA vs. RNA?

A
  • DNA - A, G, C, and T
  • RNA - A, G, C, and U
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6
Q

How is one nucleotide connected to the next nucleotide in a linear chain of nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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7
Q

What is the ‘sugar-phosphate’ backbone?

A

A linear spine composed of alternating sugars and phosphates

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8
Q

The sugar-phosphate backbone is a result of ______

A

Polymerization

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9
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond?

A

Covalent bond connecting one nucleotide to the next in a linear chain

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10
Q

What type of bonding holds the 2 strands of double-stranded DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonding

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11
Q

Describe the 5’ end of a linear strand of DNA

A

Terminates with a phosphate group bound to the 5’ carbon of deoxyribose

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12
Q

Describe the 3’ end of a linear strand of DNA

A

Terminates with a hydroxyl group bound to the 3’ carbon of deoxyribose

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13
Q

What does the abbreviation “bp” stand for?

A

Base pairs

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14
Q

Describe the base-pairing rules for DNA (2)

A
  • Guanine bonds with cytosine (G-C)
  • Adenine bonds with thymine (A-T)
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15
Q

Describe the base-pairing rules for RNA

A

Adenine bonds with uracil (A-U)

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16
Q

What term is used to describe 2 DNA strands that are oriented in opposite directions to each other?

A

Antiparallel

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17
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

Region in the cytoplasm containing circular molecules of DNA (chromosomes)

18
Q

Most bacterial genomes consist of ______

A

One or two chromosomes

19
Q

Plasmids are small molecules of ______

A

Extrachromosomal DNA

20
Q

How do plasmids replicate with respect to the cell chromosome?

A

Replicate independently of the chromosome

21
Q

What do plasmids contain?

A

Genes that regulate nonessential life functions

22
Q

How does DNA replication occur? (2)

A
  • A cell separates the two original strands
  • Uses each strand as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand
23
Q

Biologists claim that DNA replication is ______

A

Semi-conservative

24
Q

Describe the principle of so-called ‘semiconservative’ DNA replication

A

Each daughter DNA molecule is composed of one original strand and one new strand

25
Q

Why is DNA replication described as an anabolic polymerization process? (2)

A
  • Allows a cell to make copies of its genome
  • Polymerization processes require monomers (building blocks) and energy
26
Q

What are molecules with 3 phosphate groups linked together by 2 high-energy bonds called?

A

Triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs)

27
Q

What are the 2 functions of triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs) during DNA replication?

A
  • Provide energy for polymerization reactions
  • Link phosphate molecules together
28
Q

What is an ‘origin’ in the context of DNA replication?

A

Specific sequence of nucleotides where DNA replication begins

29
Q

What role does DNA helicase play in replication?

A

Unzips the DNA molecule by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases

30
Q

When is a replication bubble formed?

A

When helicase separates two DNA strands

31
Q

What is a replication fork?

A

A prong-like structure formed within the replication bubble

32
Q

After helicase untwists and separates the DNA strands, ______ binds to each strand

A

DNA polymerase

33
Q

How does DNA polymerase catalyze the sysnthesis of DNA?

A

The addition of new nucleotides ONLY to the hydroxyl group at the 3’ end of a nucleic acid

34
Q

How, and in what orientation or direction, do all DNA polymerases ‘read’ and ‘write’ (synthesize) DNA?

A

5’ to 3’ direction - added one at a time

35
Q

Describe leading strand synthesis

A

Synthesized continuously (5’ to 3’) as a single long chain of nucleotides

36
Q

Describe lagging strand synthesis

A

Synthesized in short, discontinuous segments (5’ to 3’) that are later joined together

37
Q

What are the functions of primase in replication? (2)

A
  • Synthesizes a short RNA molecule that is complementary to the template DNA strand
  • Provides the 3’ hydroxyl group required by DNA polymerase III
38
Q

How is primase activity different between leading and lagging strand synthesis?

A

The lagging strand requires more primase than the leading strand

39
Q

Describe the movement of DNA polymerase III with respect to the replication fork during leading and lagging strand synthesis

A

The enzyme moves away from the replication fork as it synthesizes the lagging strand

40
Q

What are Okazaki fragments and where are they found?

A

Discontinued segments from the synthesis of the lagging strand

41
Q

______ joins Okazaki fragments together

A

DNA ligase

MICRB 106 - Exam 2 (3 decks)

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