Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

microbiology > microbial diversity > Flashcards

microbial diversity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

microbiology revolves around 2 themes , what are they ?

A

understanding the basic life processes and applying this knowledge to the benefit of humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why are microbes an excellent model for?

A

understanding cellular processes in unicellular and multicellular organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what microorganism has been implicated in 12 Nobel prizes alone ?

A

E.Coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the oldest form of life ?

A

microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the largest mass of living material on Earth ?

A

microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what major process do themicroorganisms carry out ?

A

biogeochemical cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what’s so special about the environments they can survive in ?

A

They can live in places that are unsuitable for other organisms and other life forms require microbes to survive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

definition of a prokaryote ?

A

They contain no membrane enclosed organelles , no nucleus and are generally smaller in size compared to eukaryotes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

definition of eukaryotes ?

A

they contain DNA that is enclosed in a membrane bound nucleus , the cells are larger and more complex and they contain organelle’s.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a genome ?

A

the cell’s full complement of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is eukaryotes DNA and where is it ?

A

linear and in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what helps the folding of DNA ?

A

proteins associated with the DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how many of the copies each chromosomes is there ?

A

typically 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when does the nucleus divide

A

during the cell division in mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when is the genome halved>

A

during meiosis , sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

DNA in prokaryotes ?

A

prokaryotes cells generally have a single, circular DNA molecule called a chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

in prokaryotes what does the DNA aggregate to form ?

A

nucleoid region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

prokaryotes can have extrachromosomal DNA , what is this called and how is it special ?

A

plasmids , these contain special properties such as antibiotic resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when comparing E.coli and the human cell what is the difference in the DNA per cell and genes ?

A

human cell has 1,000 x more DNA per cell and 7x more genes than E.Coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the characteristics of living cells includes metabolism , explain ?

A

this is the chemical transformation of nutrients. Cells take up nutrients , transform then and expel waste. This can be Genetic replication , transcription , translation or catalytic , energy , biosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

reproduction ?

A

generation of 2 cells from one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

differentiation ?

A

synthesis of new substances or structures that modify the cell (only in some microbes). Some cells can form new cells structures such as spores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

communication ?

A

generation of, and response to, chemical signals (only in some microbes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

movement ?

A

occurs via self-propulsion, many forms in microbes. This can include the use of flagellum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

evolution ?

A

genetic changes in cells that are transferred to offspring. Cells evolve to display new properties. Phylogenetic tress capture evoluntary relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how old is Earth ?

A

4.6 billion years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

when did the first cells appear ?

A

between 3.8 and 3.9 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

when was the earth anoxic until ?

A

2 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

when was earth exclusively anaerobic until ?

A

the development of oxygen producing phototrophs

30
Q

when was Earth exclusively microbial until ?

A

1 billion years ago

31
Q

Where the first self replicating entities cells ?

A

may not have been

32
Q

what is LUCA ?

A

The Last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is the common ancestral cell from which all cells descended

33
Q

what is evolution ?

A

the process of change over time that results in new varieties and species of organisms.

34
Q

phylogeny ?

A

the evolutionary relationships between organisms

35
Q

how is phylogeny deduced ?

A

by comparing genetic information in the different specimens. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is excellent for determining phylogeny. The relationships are visualized on a phylogenetic tree.

36
Q

comparative rRNA sequencing has 3 defined distinct lineages of cells called domains , what are they ?

A

– Bacteria (prokaryotic)
– Archaea (prokaryotic)
– Eukarya (eukaryotic)

37
Q

are archaea and eukarya closely related ?

A

no

38
Q

what are archaea more closely relate to ?

A

eukarya than bacteria

39
Q

what are eukaryotic microorganisms the ancestors of >

A

multicellular organisms

40
Q

from the LUCA , the evolution proceeded to form 2 domains , what ar ethey ?

A

bacteria and archaea

41
Q

the archaea then diverged to form 2 domains , what are they ?

A

eukarya and archaea

42
Q

what are microbial communitites ?

A

Microorganisms exist in nature in populations of interacting assemblages called microbial communities

43
Q

habitat ?

A

The environment in which a microbial population lives

44
Q

ecosystem ?

A

refers to all living organisms plus physical and chemical constituents of their environment

45
Q

microbial ecology ?

A

study of microbes in their natural environment.

46
Q

what is the diversity and abundance of microorganisms controlled by ?

A

resources (nutrients) and environmental conditions.

47
Q

what does the activities of microbial communities affect ?

A

chemical and physical properties of their habitats.

48
Q

what are ecosystems influcenced/controlled by ?

A

microbial activities

49
Q

how do they change the chemical and physical properties of their habitats and give examples ?

A

through activities

50
Q

what are extrmophiles ?

A

Bacteria and Archaea that can grow in extremely harsh environments such as ,
– Very hot or very cold
– Very acidic or very caustic
– Very salty or very osmotically stressing
– Very high pressure

51
Q

what is the global estimate of microbial life and location

A

5x10^30 and most of the microbial cells are found in oceanic and terrestrial sub surfaces.

52
Q

what’s imprtant about legumonous plants ?

A

nitrogen fixing bacteria in the nodules which occurs in the absence of oxygen.

53
Q

how can microorganisms be used in the production ofbiofuels ?

A

methane , ethanol and hydrogen

54
Q

bioremediation ?

A

used in cleaning up the pollutants

55
Q

biotechology ?

A

genetic engineering of microbes to generate products of value to humans like insulin is called biotechnology

56
Q

when did microbiology begin with ?

A

microscope

57
Q

RObery Hooke ?

A

the first to describe microbes and he illustrated the fruiting structures of molds.

58
Q

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek ?

A

was the first to describe bacteria

59
Q

Ferdinand Cohn ?

A

founded the field of bacterial classification and discovered bacterial endospores.

60
Q

Louis PAsteur ?

A

He discovered that living organisms discriminated between optical isomers. He discovered that alcoholic fermentation was a biologically mediated process (originally thought to be purely chemical). This disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.This led to the development of methods for controlling the growth of microorganisms (aseptic technique). This developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies.

61
Q

Robert Kich ?

A

Demonstrated the link between microbes and infectious diseases. He Identified causative agents of anthrax and tuberculosis. Koch’s postulates is shown below. He developed techniques (solid media) for obtaining pure cultures of microbes, some still in existence today.He was awarded Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1905.

62
Q

Deinococcus Radiodurnas ?

A

gram negative bacteria that is able to take large hits of radioactivity and when the genome fragments it re forms. It can be used for metal remediation in radioactive mixes on waste environments

63
Q

Bdellovibrio ?

A

highly motile , gram negative aerobic bacteriovorous , it engulfs e coli and replicates itself. It is non pathogenic to humans.

64
Q

why is notrogen and ammonia important in biology ?

A

form proteins and DNA etcetera.

65
Q

explain nitrogen fixing ?

A

Nitrogen must be fixed from the relatively inert N2 to biologically accessible NH3.

66
Q

Diazotrophy ?

A

The ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen to biologically relevant and useable compound e.g. ammonia. This can be chemical such as Lightning, Haber-Bosch process. Or biological , Bacteria associated with leguminous plants E.g. Rhizobium leguminosarum. Also free living , Azotobacter vinelandii, P. stutzeri.

67
Q

what is nitrogen fixing catalysed by ?

A

enxyme nitrogenase

68
Q

what do all nitrogenase have ?

A

Fe-S cofactor + either Fe/molybdenum OR Fe/vanadium mixed reactive centres. It is a VERY oxygen sensitive process

69
Q

bacteriochlorophyll ?

A

They are lungs of our planets. Examples include prochloroccocus and syneococcus spp.They are photoautotrophic cyanobacteria. One of the most abundant organisms on earth >100,000 per ml seawater. The smallest known oxygenic photoautotroph (0.5–0.7 mm diameter).Prochlorococcus contributes ~50% of the chlorophyll in nutrient-poor oceanic habitats. Prochlorococcus cycles ~20% of atmospheric oxygen. Synecoccus is closely related, but uses a slightly different light harvesting system. They have different geographical distribution

70
Q

what does streptomyces have a symbiosis with ?

A

Acromyremex ants

71
Q

explain this ?

A

lleafcutter ants form a symbiosis with Gram-positive Streptomyces bacteria.The Streptomyces make most of the antibiotics used in the clinic today.Acromyrmex ants form a symbiosis with Streptomyces bacteria:The ants harvest the leaves and petals, but they don’t eat them.They farm a fungus that grows on the leaves. They eat the fungus and use the Streptomyces to kill other fungi and bacterial contaminants.

microbiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions