Microbial Control

Question 1

Sterilization

Answer 1

Killing ALL microbes

Example: canned food

Question 2

Disinfection

Answer 2

Removal of vegetative of pathogens
Used on inanimate surfaces

Example: Hydrogen peroxide - disinfect surfaces; Vinegar, Chloride bleach, Lysol. Can also be used for sterilization

Question 3

Sanitization

Answer 3

Reduction in # of microbes from inanimate objects
Meet acceptable safe public health standards

Example: washing utensils in scalding water

Question 4

Antimicrobials

Answer 4

Disinfecting agents naturally produced by microorganisms

Question 5

Asepsis

Answer 5

Techniques that prevent the entry of microorganism a into sterile tissue

Question 6

Antisepsis

Answer 6

Application of chemicals to body surfaces

Reduced microbial to skin or tissue

Question 7

Aseptic technique

Answer 7

Prevent microbial (pathogenic) contamination

Question 8

Degerming

Answer 8

Scrubbing with or use of mild chemical.

Example: washing hands, soap, alcohol swab

Question 9

Bactericide

Answer 9

Chemicals that kill vegetative cells and may not kill the spores

Question 10

Bacteriostatic

Answer 10

Inhibits microbial metabolism and growth

Example: freezing below 0°C

Question 11

Physical methods

Answer 11

Heat, low temp., desiccation, radiation, filtration, osmotic pressure, physical cleaning

Question 12

Heat

Answer 12

Can cause the protein to denature and enzyme to change shape

Question 13

Hand washing

Answer 13

Degerming

Question 14

Sonication

Answer 14

a high-frequency ultrasound waves to disrupt cell structures. Causes rapid changes in pressure within the intracellular liquid leading to Cavitation

Question 15

Filtration

Answer 15

Separating microbes from samples; No killing of microbes or inhibit growth

Air filtration via HEPA filter remove microbial from air
Membrane filtration remove microbial from liquid solution

Question 16

Lyophilization

Answer 16

Freezing and drying technique- Freeze-dried

Preserve microbes and other cells for many years.

Question 17

Dessication

Answer 17

Lack or Removal of water- Drying

Microbes cannot grow but will remain VIABLE

Question 18

Low temp.

Answer 18

Refrigeration; Slow down on the growth of bacteria

Question 19

Incineration (direct flame)

Answer 19

Prevent microbial contamination

Example:Sterilize by flaming a loop in direct heat

Question 20

Four Biosafety Levels

Answer 20

BSL1 -do not cause disease in humans.
BSL2- Handling moderately hazardous agents.
BSL3- All manipulations of microbes done in safety cabinets.
BSL4-Can cause severe disease or fatal; Lab space is isolated, and protective suits are worn.

Question 21

Boiling

Answer 21

Moist-heat control of microbes; kills vegetative cells

and enveloped viruses

Question 22

Autoclave

Answer 22

Moist-heat control of microbes; Sterilized surgical equipment from vegetative cells, viruses, and especially endospores

Question 23

Pasteurization

Answer 23

Use of Heat to kill pathogens
Reduce the number /slow the growth of spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages.

Example: milk, ice cream, yogurt and fruit juice.

Question 24

Halogens

Answer 24

Example: Iodine, Chlorine, Bromine, and Fluorine Kills a wide variety of organisms; convenient & inexpensive.
Damage proteins by denaturation

Question 25

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Answer 25

Germicidal | Inexpensive, Stable, Non-toxic

Question 26

Aldehydes

Answer 26

Denature Proteins & inactive nucleic acids

Question 27

Heavy Metals

Answer 27

Denature Proteins Inexpensive. Silver nitrate prevent blindness caused by N. gonorrhoeae

Question 28

Phenols

Answer 28

Clean up vomit, pus, feces and they remain active on surfaces for a prolonged time Damage membrane. Example: Lysol.

Question 29

Alcohols

Answer 29

Used for Antisepsis and Disinfection. | Damage membrane & Denature protein.

Question 30

Halogens

Answer 30

Example: Iodine, Chlorine, Bromine, and Fluorine Kills a wide variety of organisms; convenient & inexpensive. Denature protein

Question 31

Peroxide

Answer 31

As in hydrogen peroxide-use to disinfect & sterilize

Question 32

Aldehydes

Answer 32

Denature Proteins & | Inactive nucleic acids

Question 33

Heavy Metals

Answer 33

Denature Proteins Inexpensive. Silver nitrate prevents blindness caused by gonorrhea

Question 34

Ethylene oxide

Answer 34

Toxic to humans; used to sterilize mattress | Cannot be exposed to heat or water

Question 35

Peracetic acid

Answer 35

Sporicidal (killing spores) | & sterilizing equipment

Question 36

Peroxide

Answer 36

As in hydrogen peroxide | Use to disinfect & sterilize

Question 37

3 Most resistant groups of microbes

Answer 37

Bacterial Endospores Mycobacteria Protozoa

Question 38

Protozoa

Answer 38

Prevent entry of most disinfectants, protects against drying, and shields against radiation and heat.

Question 39

Thermal Death Point (TDP)

Answer 39

The lowest temperature all microbes are killed | in a 10-minute exposure.

Question 40

Thermal Death Time (TDT)

Answer 40

The length of time needed to kill all microorganisms in a sample at a given temperature.

Question 41

Microbial Death Curve

Answer 41

The logarithmic decline of living microbes exposed to a method of microbial control/protocol.

Question 42

Decimal Reduction Time

Answer 42

The time it takes for a protocol to 90% reduction in the microbial population

Question 43

High temp. short-time (HTST) - Pasteur.

Answer 43

Used to pasteurize milk that will be Refrigerated

Question 44

Ionizing radiation

Answer 44

Can break DNA molecules; strong enough to pass through cells Example: X-rays, Gamma Rays, and High-energy Electron Beam

Question 45

Non-ionizing radiation

Answer 45

Used for Sterilization. Can break DNA molecules. Example: Ultraviolet (UV) light/ray

Question 46

Selective toxicity

Answer 46

Selectively kills or inhibits the growth of microbial targets while causing minimal or no harm to the host.

Question 47

Broad band Antimicrobial

Answer 47

Kills microbiota causing drug-resistant pathogens | Superinfection: 2nd infection in a patient having a preexisting infection

Question 48

Narrow-Spectrum Antimicrobial

Answer 48

Only specific subsets of bacterial pathogens are targeted, either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria

Question 49

Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial AKA Polymicrobic infections

Answer 49

A mixed infection with multiple bacterial species in both gram-positive and gram-negative species. Used while waiting for the laboratory identification of the infecting pathogen

Question 50

Dilution test

Answer 50

The standard test used in the United States for evaluating the efficiency of antiseptics and disinfectants

Question 51

6 way antimicrobial agents can target pathogens

Answer 51

1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis 2. Inhibition of protein synthesis 3. Disruption of cytoplasmic membranes 4. Inhibition of metabolic pathways 5. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis 6. Prevention of virus attachment