Microbial Biotechnology and Bioproducts Flashcards
what is a pure culture?
a culture of a species that has been isolated from nature and is grown under well controlled conditions
what is a primary metabolite?
A primary metabolite is a kind of metabolite that is directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction.
give some examples of prim. metabolites
- potable alcohol
- barley
- other things that contain starch
how is potable alcohol made?
- starch (yeast can’t assimilate) reacts w/ BARLEY ENZYMES in reactor
- creates LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT SUGARS (eg glucose+ disaccharides + trisaccharides)
- react w/ YEAST (Saccharomyces) O produces ETHANOL
what happens when grapes grow?
malic acid DECREASES and is converted to SUCROSE
sucrose INC (storage compound)
malic acid:sucrose
DECREASES
sucrose:total grape biomass ratio INC
why is it important to have enough sugar for the formation of potable alcohol?
O why is it important to know the metabolic pathways in yeast for the production of ethanol?
- the correct sugar:acid ratio is essential for the yeast to grow (they need sugar for growth)
- yeast is needed for the conversion of sugars to ethanol
- imp to know the m.p of yeast so we can optimise production of ethanol
why is alcohol produced?
- ethanol is the final product of ENERGY METABOLISM in ANAEROBIC fermentation
- these act as ‘e- sinks,’ allowing cells to cont with their metabolic activities and BALANCING REDOX STATES
what are some other final products of anaerobic fermentation?
- butanol
- acetone
- lactic acid
(much more reduced compounds than glucose)
why are products like ethanol produced in anaerobic ferm?
O is not present to be the FINAL E- ACCEPTOR O something else must act as an electron sink
what are the uses of ethanol?
- biofuel
- solvent
what can the bacterium Clostridium be used to produce? under anaerobic cond
what are they used for?
what is an advantage of using bacteria to obtain these?
- bioacetone
- biobutanol
-bioethanol
INDUSTRIAL USES
Adv is that:
- less crude oil used
what conditions does Clostridium require?
- it is an obligate anaerobe
why may using bac/yeast not be economically viable?
- gathering raw material may be expensive
uses of a.a?
- to correct dietary deficiency diseases
- as components of processed food (eg monosodium glutamate)
give two ways a.a can be produced
- hydrolysis of proteins
- use microorg ( more specific)
what can be done to reduce the amount of a competing product?
metabolic pathway engineering- create a MUTANT that is AUXOTROPHIC for the competing product
why do some bacteria need biotin (vitamin) ? what is the importance of this for production?
can cause cell memb to become leaky
allows product to diffuse out of cell O it won’t inhibit its own overproduction. cell can still grow
uses of organic acids (eg citric acid)
- acidulant in food/drink
manufacture - plastics manufacture
- processed cheese manufacture
how can fungi be used to produce organic acids?
- grow in liquid cultures
- limited O conditions
- excrete organic acids
when Aspergillus fungi are inoculated in liquid culture what are the two things that can be formed?
1- homogenous filamentous morphology
2- pellets (islands of growth) containing many morphologies
how does oxygen conc vary IN a pellet?
high conc in liquid (outside pellet)
- at centre of pellet culture is ANAEROBIC
- edge cells are AEROBIC
how does O conc in a pellet effect the Krebs cycle?
- edge of pellet = enough O = fully functional Krebs
- centre of pellet= ANAEROBIC= interrupted Krebs O start excreting CITRIC ACID
what is acetic acid?
vinegar
how is acetic acid formed?
yeast used to produce ethanol—oxidised by ACETOBACTER bacteria to ACETIC ACID
what is a use of acetic acid in industry?
SOLVENT
what is the traditional source of polysaccharides?
seaweed
which bacteria is used in polysaccharide production? where is it found/what does it do?
Xanthomonas- a plant pathogen
what are the uses of polysaccharides?
- food industry (inc viscosity)
- enhance OIL RECOVERY ( inc viscosity of WATER- O oil can float of top)
why does Xanthomonas need to make polysaccharides?
- when PHOSPHOROUS sufficient it is SUGAR used to grow to make ATP etc
- when LOW PHOSPHOROUS, Xanothomonas make POLYSACCHARIDES to store
what cond does Xanthomonas make polysaccharides?
Phosphorus deficient
what are the uses of lipids?
- dietary additives to correct deficiency diseases
- polyhydroxybutyrate makes BIOPLASTIC synthesised by ALCALIGENES spp.
what happens to Alcaligenes spp. under phosphate deficient cond?
produce POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE because cell cannot utilise phosphate to produce ATP. O Polyhydroxybutyrate is a STORAGE compound
what fungus can be forced to overproduce alpha-amylase enzyme in the process of making products like high fructose syrup? what is the reaction?
starch( from cereal crop- glucose polymer)——-mono/di/trisaccharides
via ALPHA AMYLASE
using ASPERGILLUS FUNGUS
what fungus can be forced to overproduce amyloglucosidase enzyme in the process of making products like high fructose syrup? what is the reaction?
mono/di/trisaccharides——-glucose
via AMYLOGLUCOSIDASE
using ASPERGILLUS FUNGUS
what fungus can be forced to overproduce glucose isomerase enzyme to make products like high fructose syrup? what is the reaction?
glucose——high fructose syrup (glucose + fructose)
via GLUCOSE ISOMERASE
using BACILLUS
why is the overproduction of enzymes better that using chemicals to go from starch—>sucrose?
- dirty
- expensive
how are enzymes used in laundering? how are the enzymes with specific properties used in laundering?
- highly specific
properties
- heat labile
- wide variety of substrates
- unaffected by detergents
how do you obtain enzymes w/ the specific properties for laundering?
engineered by chaninging growth cond.
how are enzymes used in the chemical ind?
- to conduct reactions that are diff w/out enzymes
what are single cell proteins?
bacterial, yeast or fungal cells for human/animal consumption
what was the origin of single cell proteins?
- oil refineries (convert crude oil to refined oil using microbiological processes)
- but HIGH YIELD & thought there may be a famine O switched objective to food production
give an example of food product made by fungi
Quorn , Fusarium
what are the majority of pharmaceutical products produced by micro org?
antibiotics
what is the economic imp of micro products in pharmacy?
one of biggest industries in the world
when does secondary metabolism kick in?
when 1 or more nutrients are exhausted
what could be a product of secondary metabolism?
antibiotics
how can you control the composition of your medium? why would you do this?
C limited, N limited or P limited media
because diff limitations trigger synthesis of diff compounds ~ generally similar limitations trigger synthesis of similar classes of antibiotics
describe how antibiotic production varies w/ biomass inc and substrate conc
biomass INC EXPONENTIALLY until it slows
substrate DECREASE
as substrate DEC v low, ANTIBIOTIC INC suddenly
O SECONDARY METABOLISM has begun
what fungi produces filamentous fungi?
Penicillium chrysogenum
how can you obtain different types of penicillin using secondary metabolites?
alter the precursor eg phenyl acetic acid
how can semi synthetic penicillins be obtained?
chemically synthesise a side chain
what are the two diff phases of secondary metabolite production? describe what happens in them
1) GROWTH
- rapid growth
- glucose = C source
- 30 degrees
- no precursor
2) PRODUCTION
- slow growth
- slowly assimilated C source
- lower temp
- precursor feed
how does Penicillin work?
- prevents formation of bacterial cell wall O easily lysed
give examples of how some other (non Penicillin) ABs work?
- prevent protein synthesis using bacterial ribosomes (SPECIFIC DUE TO BAC HAVING DIFF RIBOSOME STRUCTURE)
- some target the cell memb (not v bacterial specific)
- some affect cell metabolism (not v bacterial specific)
- some affect nucleic acid replication (not v bacterial specific as this mechanism is UNIVERSAL)
