Microbes in oral Health and Disease

Question 1

What helps fight pathogens/ disease?

Answer 1

Immune system, Vaccines, Antimicrobial agents

Question 2

What can lead to you not fighting off disease/ ruin the balance?

Answer 2

immuno-supressed, virulence factors, resistance.

Question 3

Describe features of the host immune system

Answer 3

innate- barriers, non-specific cellular, inflammation
acquired- specific, memory, T&B Cells

Question 4

What immune factors contribute to oral health?

Answer 4

integrity of oral mucosa, lymphoid tissue, saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, hormonal and cellular immunity

Question 5

What makes bacteria hard to fight?

Answer 5

ubiquitous-multiple environments, diverse,-variety of shapes, sizes and characteristics adaptable- evolve quickly

Question 6

Simple life cycle of parasite?

Answer 6

enters/ attaches to host-> consolidation/ multiplication in host-> cause harm-> release from host-> dissemination and transmission->

Question 7

Bacteria virulence factors?

Answer 7

Motility, Adhesion, Colonisation, Invasion, Spread- immune invasion

Question 8

What makes bacteria hard to remove (not through saliva)?

Answer 8

pilli on bacteria- helps to attach

Question 9

How many cultivable bacteria species in the oral cavity?

Answer 9

350

Question 10

How many microorganisms per millilitre of saliva

Answer 10

10’8

Question 11

Is dental caries multi-factorial if so what increases it?

Answer 11

yes- plaque microorganisms, diet, teeth, time, saliva flow, dentition

Question 12

What bacterias can cause caries?

Answer 12

streptococcus mutans, lactobacillus species, actinomyces

Question 13

What does periodontal disease affect?

Answer 13

gingiva, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone

Question 14

What is an endodontic infection?

Answer 14

Infections to the pulp generally second to tooth infections/ trauma

Question 15

what are endodontic infections derived from?

Answer 15

endogenous microflora

Question 16

What prevents endodontic infection?

Answer 16

intact enamel and dentine

Question 17

What is a purulent infection?

Answer 17

absecesses, pus forming, intra/extra oral swelling

Question 18

What can a purulent infections cause?

Answer 18

sepsis

Question 19

Best way to deal with an abscess?

Answer 19

Drain abscess then remove the sight of infection

Question 20

Where can haematogenous spread through?

Answer 20

Cardiovascular, prosthetic joints, dissemination- this can lead to toxic shock

Question 21

What can oral candidosis cause?

Answer 21

thrush, atrophic(HIV), denture related

Question 22

What is a symptom of pseudomembranous, candidosis?

Answer 22

non adherent white film, smell

Question 23

Candidal Leucoplakias?

Answer 23

adherent, often speckled, common in smokers

Question 24

What can denture stomatitis cause?

Answer 24

redness, inflamed gingiva under the denture, foul smell,

Question 25

What are the most abundant cell type in the oral mucosa?

Answer 25

Neurophils

Question 26

what controls interactions between immune cells?

Answer 26

cell adhesion molecules

Question 27

What are the three main families for cellular migration?

Answer 27

selectins, integrins, immunuglobins

Question 28

What is the main role of a neutrophil

Answer 28

to engulf and destroy pathogens- contain granules/ vesicles containing antimicrobial peptides and enzymes

Question 29

Describe neutrophil NETs

Answer 29

Activation induces neutrophils to release proteins and some genetic material (chromatin) to form extra-cellular fibril matrix Trap pathogens Many antimicrobials also associated with the NET so bacteria ‘held’ whilst ‘administered’

Question 30

Monocytes migrate to tissues in a similar manner to what?

Answer 30

Neutrophils

Question 31

What two sub groups can macrophages be separated into?

Answer 31

pro-inflammatory M1 anti-inflammatory M2

Question 32

Why are macrophages split into two groups?

Answer 32

to help maintain tissue homeostatsis

Question 33

Are all immune cells pro-inflammatory?

Answer 33

No- M2 macrophages as an example

Question 34

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 34

Degradation and removal of pathogenic threat Antigen presentation Safely break down and dispose of apoptotic cells

Question 35

What are the two types of antigen presenting cells?

Answer 35

Non-professional (Epithelial cells/fibroblasts/endothelial cells) Professional (Macrophages and dendritic cells)

Question 36

What are pseudopods and what do they do?

Answer 36

tentacle-like structures and they recognise any component of microbes, they recognise and interalise the microbes working with other organelles to break it down.

Question 37

What is linked to the adaptive immune system?

Answer 37

phagocytosis and antigen presentation- essential for adaptive and innate immune system

Question 38

What does plasma contain/ plasma factors?

Answer 38

It contains 4 enzymatic cascade systems: Complement Kinins Coagulation factors Fibrinolytic system These systems are inter-related and produce various inflammatory mediators

Question 39

What is the complement plasma factor?

Answer 39

A collection of soluble proteins present in circulation. Drives inflammation or opsonisation Opsonisation refers to coating of pathogens by antibodies or complement proteins Three pathways; classical, alternative or lectin pathway

Question 40

what is opsonisation?

Answer 40

coating/tagging of a microbe for removal (capsulated organisms are protected)

Question 41

What are the three pathways of complement?

Answer 41

Classical pathway – antibody attached to microbe (2) Alternative pathway – microbial cell wall (3) Mannose binding lectin pathway (MBL) – carbohydrates on pathogen surface

Question 42

What is an example of functions of anaphylatoxins?

Answer 42

Anaphylatoxins lead to smooth muscle contraction and capillary leakage – allowing increased infiltration of immune cells to site of infection

Question 43

What do all pathways of complement lead to?

Answer 43

the formation of these C3 convertase and C5 convertase enzymes These enzymes degrade C3 or C5 protein – fragments of which can orchestrate the immune response.

Question 44

what is the main function of anaphylatoxin

Answer 44

Promote immune cell recruitment through contraction of smooth muscle