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BAMS Molecules and Cells > Microbes in oral Health and Disease > Flashcards

Microbes in oral Health and Disease Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What helps fight pathogens/ disease?

A

Immune system, Vaccines, Antimicrobial agents

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2
Q

What can lead to you not fighting off disease/ ruin the balance?

A

immuno-supressed, virulence factors, resistance.

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3
Q

Describe features of the host immune system

A

innate- barriers, non-specific cellular, inflammation
acquired- specific, memory, T&B Cells

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4
Q

What immune factors contribute to oral health?

A

integrity of oral mucosa, lymphoid tissue, saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, hormonal and cellular immunity

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5
Q

What makes bacteria hard to fight?

A

ubiquitous-multiple environments, diverse,-variety of shapes, sizes and characteristics adaptable- evolve quickly

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6
Q

Simple life cycle of parasite?

A

enters/ attaches to host-> consolidation/ multiplication in host-> cause harm-> release from host-> dissemination and transmission->

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7
Q

Bacteria virulence factors?

A

Motility, Adhesion, Colonisation, Invasion, Spread- immune invasion

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8
Q

What makes bacteria hard to remove (not through saliva)?

A

pilli on bacteria- helps to attach

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9
Q

How many cultivable bacteria species in the oral cavity?

A

350

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10
Q

How many microorganisms per millilitre of saliva

A

10’8

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11
Q

Is dental caries multi-factorial if so what increases it?

A

yes- plaque microorganisms, diet, teeth, time, saliva flow, dentition

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12
Q

What bacterias can cause caries?

A

streptococcus mutans, lactobacillus species, actinomyces

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13
Q

What does periodontal disease affect?

A

gingiva, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone

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14
Q

What is an endodontic infection?

A

Infections to the pulp generally second to tooth infections/ trauma

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15
Q

what are endodontic infections derived from?

A

endogenous microflora

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16
Q

What prevents endodontic infection?

A

intact enamel and dentine

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17
Q

What is a purulent infection?

A

absecesses, pus forming, intra/extra oral swelling

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18
Q

What can a purulent infections cause?

A

sepsis

19
Q

Best way to deal with an abscess?

A

Drain abscess then remove the sight of infection

20
Q

Where can haematogenous spread through?

A

Cardiovascular, prosthetic joints, dissemination- this can lead to toxic shock

21
Q

What can oral candidosis cause?

A

thrush, atrophic(HIV), denture related

22
Q

What is a symptom of pseudomembranous, candidosis?

A

non adherent white film, smell

23
Q

Candidal Leucoplakias?

A

adherent, often speckled, common in smokers

24
Q

What can denture stomatitis cause?

A

redness, inflamed gingiva under the denture, foul smell,

25
Q

What are the most abundant cell type in the oral mucosa?

A

Neurophils

26
Q

what controls interactions between immune cells?

A

cell adhesion molecules

27
Q

What are the three main families for cellular migration?

A

selectins, integrins, immunuglobins

28
Q

What is the main role of a neutrophil

A

to engulf and destroy pathogens- contain granules/ vesicles containing antimicrobial peptides and enzymes

29
Q

Describe neutrophil NETs

A

Activation induces neutrophils to release proteins and some genetic material (chromatin) to form extra-cellular fibril matrix
Trap pathogens
Many antimicrobials also associated with the NET so bacteria ‘held’ whilst ‘administered’

30
Q

Monocytes migrate to tissues in a similar manner to what?

A

Neutrophils

31
Q

What two sub groups can macrophages be separated into?

A

pro-inflammatory M1 anti-inflammatory M2

32
Q

Why are macrophages split into two groups?

A

to help maintain tissue homeostatsis

33
Q

Are all immune cells pro-inflammatory?

A

No- M2 macrophages as an example

34
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Degradation and removal of pathogenic threat
Antigen presentation
Safely break down and dispose of apoptotic cells

35
Q

What are the two types of antigen presenting cells?

A

Non-professional (Epithelial cells/fibroblasts/endothelial cells)
Professional (Macrophages and dendritic cells)

36
Q

What are pseudopods and what do they do?

A

tentacle-like structures and they recognise any component of microbes, they recognise and interalise the microbes working with other organelles to break it down.

37
Q

What is linked to the adaptive immune system?

A

phagocytosis and antigen presentation- essential for adaptive and innate immune system

38
Q

What does plasma contain/ plasma factors?

A

It contains 4 enzymatic cascade systems:
Complement
Kinins
Coagulation factors
Fibrinolytic system
These systems are inter-related and produce various inflammatory mediators

39
Q

What is the complement plasma factor?

A

A collection of soluble proteins present in circulation.
Drives inflammation or opsonisation
Opsonisation refers to coating of pathogens by antibodies or complement proteins
Three pathways; classical, alternative or lectin pathway

40
Q

what is opsonisation?

A

coating/tagging of a microbe for removal (capsulated organisms are protected)

41
Q

What are the three pathways of complement?

A

Classical pathway – antibody attached to microbe
(2) Alternative pathway – microbial cell wall
(3) Mannose binding lectin pathway (MBL) – carbohydrates on pathogen surface

42
Q

What is an example of functions of anaphylatoxins?

A

Anaphylatoxins lead to smooth muscle contraction and capillary leakage – allowing increased infiltration of immune cells to site of infection

43
Q

What do all pathways of complement lead to?

A

the formation of these C3 convertase and C5 convertase enzymes
These enzymes degrade C3 or C5 protein – fragments of which can orchestrate the immune response.

44
Q

what is the main function of anaphylatoxin

A

Promote immune cell recruitment through contraction of smooth muscle

BAMS Molecules and Cells (2 decks)

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