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General Microbiology and Parasitology (Lecture) > MICROBE-HUMAN INTERACTIONS: INFECTIONS & DISEASE > Flashcards

MICROBE-HUMAN INTERACTIONS: INFECTIONS & DISEASE Flashcards

1
Q

Recall _____Postulates (experimental steps to establish the microbe that cause a disease)

A

Koch’s

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2
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. Isolate a pathogen from a diseased host & grow pathogen in pure culture
  2. Inoculate a healthy organism with the cultured pathogen
  3. Organism must get the same disease
  4. Isolate the same pathogen from the new host
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3
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. Microbes that can’t be grown on artificial media
  2. More than one microbe produces the same disease
  3. One microbe that causes multiple diseases
  4. Strictly human disease with no animal model
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4
Q

(Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates) Examples of Microbes that can’t be grown on artificial media

A

: Viruses, Rickettsia, Treponema

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5
Q

(Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates) Examples of More than one microbe produces the same disease

A

: Pneumonia, Meningitis

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6
Q

(Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates) Examples of One microbe that causes multiple diseases

A

: Streptococcus pyogenes (causes Strep throat and Scarlet Fever)

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7
Q

(Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates) Examples of Strictly human disease with no animal model

A

: Rubella (German measles), Smallpox

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8
Q

microbes that normally live in/on the body without harm

A

Normal Flora

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9
Q

_______ (always there) vs ________ Flora (only present for a short time or on and off)

A

Resident vs Transient

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10
Q

Establishment of Normal Flora =

A

Colonization

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11
Q

Newborns are free from flora, but established as infants are exposed to organisms from

A

vagina, air, food, etc.

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12
Q

Newborns are free from flora, but established as infants are exposed to organisms from (true or false)

A

True

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13
Q

Colonization is a _____ due to physiological conditions in the body such as pH, temperature, O2, nutrients, etc.

A

selective process

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14
Q

physiological conditions in the body that makes Colonization a selective process

A

pH, temperature, O2, nutrients, etc.

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15
Q

Time it takes to fully establish normal flora in a newborn

A

12-18 months

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16
Q

different organisms living together

A

Symbioses

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17
Q

(Symbioses) Both partners benefit

A

Mutualism

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18
Q

(Symbioses) one partner benefits, other is neutral

A

Commensalism

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19
Q

(Symbioses) one partner benefits while the other is harmed)

A

Parasitism

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20
Q

E.coli: produces vitamins K and some B, and ______ (chemicals that ward off harmful species)

A

bacteriocins

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21
Q

Skin organisms live off _________/__________cells

A

secretions/sloughed

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22
Q

__________ organisms (organisms that are usually non-pathogenic, but that can become pathogenic under certain conditions)

A

Opportunistic

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23
Q

conditions that make opportunistic organisms pathogenic

A
  1. When host health is compromised
  2. When there is a reduction of normal flora
  3. If an organisms gets in a different habitat
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24
Q

(Opportunistic organisms) E. coli from the gut to the ______ (different habitat)

A

urinary tract

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25
Q

(Opportunistic organisms) Klebsiella pneumoniae from gut to the ______ (different habitat)

A

respiratory tract

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26
Q

disease development

A

Pathogenesis

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27
Q

Production of disease is actually a ________

A

process of steps

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28
Q

Process of steps of the production of disease

A
  1. Transmission to a susceptible host
  2. Adherence to appropriate target tissues
  3. Invasion
  4. Colonization
  5. Damage to host while evading defenses
  6. Exit from body
  7. Survival outside long enough to be transmitted to another host
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29
Q

Transmission must be to the correct “________”

A

portal of entry

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30
Q

Portals of entry

A
  1. typically to exposed surfaces such as skin or mucous membranes
  2. entry aided by bites, cuts, abrasions, punctures etc.
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31
Q

Portals of entry for the Gastrointestinal tract

A

via food, water

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32
Q

Portals of entry for the Respiratory tract

A

via air

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33
Q

Portals of entry for the Urogenital tract

A

most are STDs or misplaced opportunists

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34
Q

minimum number of microbes necessary to insure infection

A

Infectious dose

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35
Q

Infectious dose of Shigella

A

10-100 microbes

36
Q

Infectious dose of Salmonella

A

1,000,000 microbes

37
Q

projections of microbe that match host receptors

38
Q

lower concentrations, more likely to invade successfully (true or false)

39
Q

presence of bacteria in the blood

A

Bacteremia

40
Q

presence of viruses in the blood

41
Q

Colonization stage is when conditions are such that invading microbes are successful enough to _________

42
Q

blood infection where bacteria are reproducing

A

Septicemia

43
Q

Evade host defenses mainly by avoiding ______

A

phagocytosis

44
Q

What is common about these three (Streptococcus, Salmonella, Neisseria) that helps them avoid phagocytosis

45
Q

__________ are substances that are toxic to WBCS

A

Leukocidins

46
Q

____________ breaks down H2O2 produced by phagocytes, preventing digestion of the engulfed microbe

47
Q

poisonous substances

48
Q

soluble proteins secreted (botulism, tetanus)

A

Exo-toxins

49
Q

cause lysis of RBCs

A

Hemolysins

50
Q

cell wall components released when cell dies, toxic to host

A

Endo-toxins

51
Q

Endo-toxins in gram negative cell walls

A

lipopolysaccharides in Gram-negative cell walls

52
Q

lipopolysaccharides in Gram-negative cell walls can lead to _______

A

Septic shock

53
Q

(Evade stage) these act on host cells/tissues

A

Exoenzymes

54
Q

_______ activates prothrombin to coagulate fibrinogen in plasma, forming a fibrin clot that “hides” the microbe from phagocytosis

55
Q

Coagulase activates prothrombin to coagulate fibrinogen in plasma, forming _____________ that “hides” the microbe from phagocytosis

A

a fibrin clot

56
Q

Coagulase activates ________ to coagulate _______ in plasma, forming a fibrin clot that “hides” the microbe from phagocytosis

A

prothrombin / fibrinogen

57
Q

breaks down blood clots in order to spread

58
Q

Fibrinase breaks down _____ in order to spread

A

blood clots

59
Q

__________ “spreading factor” breaks down hyaluronic acid (loose connective tissue), allowing organism to invade tissues

A

Hyaluronidase

60
Q

Hyaluronidase “spreading factor” breaks down __________ , allowing organism to invade tissues

A

hyaluronic acid (loose connective tissue)

61
Q

effects of Hyaluronidase

A
  • Late stage necrosis of epidermis, subcutaneous layers, fascia, and musculature of upper lateral leg.
    -Necrosed peripheral nervous tissue results in no perception of pain at wound site
62
Q

period between infection and 1st signs/symptoms. Depends on dose of microbes, which microbes, virulence, host health

A

Incubation period

63
Q

Incubation period of typhoid fever

A

10-14 days

64
Q

Incubation period of AIDS

65
Q

period of 1-2 days follows incubation in some diseases

A

Prodromal period

66
Q

a general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify.

67
Q

period when the disease is acute and Death most likely

A

Illness period

68
Q

Common symptoms of Illness period

A
  1. Chills / Fever
    2.↑ numbers of Leukocytes (>10,000/ml)
  2. swollen lymph nodes
  3. Nausea/diarrhea
  4. Rashes/lesions
  5. severe pain
69
Q

_______ period (1-few days) when signs/symptoms are subsiding BUT most susceptible to secondary, _________ infections
______ period needed to regain strength

A

Decline, Opportunistic, Convalescent

70
Q

(Disease Terminology) ______ infection - limited to point of entry (ex: boil, wart

71
Q

(Disease Terminology) _______ infection - spreads to a new location (ex: rabies, Hepatitis A, tonsillitis, appendicitis)

72
Q

(Disease Terminology) _____ infection that spreads to several sites and the blood (ex: Tooth abscess, measles, chicken pox, syphilis)

73
Q

(Disease Terminology) _____ diseases develop fast but for a short duration (ex: influenza, cold)

74
Q

(Disease Terminology) ______ diseases develop slow but for a long duration (ex: TB leprosy)

75
Q

(Disease Terminology) _______ diseases may be inactive for long periods of time (ex: Cold sores Genital herpes)

76
Q

(Disease Terminology) identification of a disease

77
Q

(Disease Terminology) _______ of a disease are subjective changes in body function (ex: aches, pains, malaise, sore throat)

78
Q

(Disease Terminology) _________ of a disease are objective (measurable) changes (ex: fever, rash, lesions, edema, inflammation

79
Q

A ______ is a group of symptoms/signs characteristic of a certain disease.

80
Q

Rubella syndrome is an example of a (Syndrome, Subclinical infection)

81
Q

A ______ is asymptomatic, but patient is still infectious (more common in children)

A

Subclinical infection

82
Q

Means of Exit

A
  1. Sneeze/ Cough
  2. Diarrhea
  3. Pus/Blood
  4. Insect bites
  5. Sex!
83
Q

4 Varying durations and ways can microbes Survival outside

A
  1. Some can also live in the environment
  2. Some are hardy and can survive for as long as several weeks before a new host comes along
  3. Some hang out in animal reservoirs
  4. Some require direct contact because they are fragile
84
Q

Pathogenesis depends on many ______

85
Q

Factors of Pathogenesis

A
  1. Genetics, both species and individual
  2. state of host health
  3. age (Infants & Elderly have less capable immune systems)
  4. Stress (causes ↑ corticosteroids that are immunosuppressive)
86
Q

Rubella syndrome consists of

A

microcephaly (a condition where a baby’s head is much smaller than expected), PDA (Patent ductus arteriosus , a medical condition in which the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth: this allows a portion of oxygenated blood from the left heart to flow back to the lungs from the aorta), Cataracts (a cloudy area in the lens of your eye)

General Microbiology and Parasitology (Lecture) (3 decks)

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