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Anatomy #2- Thorax > Microanatomy of vasculature > Flashcards

Microanatomy of vasculature Flashcards

1
Q

Organization of tubular organ

A
  • Tunica intima (endothelium and internal elastic lamina)
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica externa
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2
Q

Tunica intima

A
  • Endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
  • Subendotheliual layer (collagen, elastic fibers)
  • Internal elastic lamina/membrane- Absent in smaller veins, inconspicuous in larger veins, avascular)
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3
Q

Tunica media

A
  • Smooth muscle cell layers- allows for contraction and dilation
  • Collagen
  • Elastic fibers- allows for expansion and return to normal
  • External elastic membrane
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4
Q

Tunica externa/adventitia

A
  • Collagen and elastic fibers
  • Smooth muscle cells
  • Vasa vasorum- vessels of vessels
  • Nervi vasorum- nerves of vessels
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5
Q

Macrovasculature

A
  • Elastic and muscular arteries
  • Large, medium sized veins
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6
Q

Microvasculature

A
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Metarterioles- connects to venule
  • Venules
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7
Q

Flow rate and size of vasculature

A
  • Veins are slower and have larger diameter, arteries faster and more pressure, smaller
  • Arteries are thick walled to withstand flow (high pressure), veins thin walled
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8
Q

Artery changes as you move further from heart

A

More circular arranged smooth muscle cells further from heart, less elastic
- But as vessels get smaller and smaller further away, there will also be less smooth muscle

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9
Q

Elastic Arteries

A
  • Tunica interna= thick
  • Tunica media
    o Very thick
    o Concentrically arranged fenestrated elastic lamina, with smooth muscle cells and collagen
    o More ground substance
  • Tunica externa
    o More collagen fibers
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10
Q

Muscular arteries

A

Change from elastic to muscular arteries can be abrupt or gradual

Tunica interna
- Endothelium
- Thin subendothelium (collagen and elastic fibers)
- Will thin out even more as vessel decreases
- Internal elastic membrane is thick and fenestrated

Tunica media
- Very thick with smooth muscles
- Elastic and collagen fibers
- External elastic membrane present

Tunica externa
- Collagen bundles, fibroblasts and elastic fibers

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11
Q

Arteriole

A

Last of the high pressure system of the body

Tunica interna
- Endothelium
- Thin subendothelial layer and a fenestrated internal elastic membrane that disappears in smallest arterioles

Tunica media
- Less than 3 layers of smooth muscle cells
- No external elastic membrane

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12
Q

Capillaries

A
  • The capillary bed density indicates metabolic activity
  • 5-10 micrometers (single RBC wide)
  • Lined by endothelial cells, basal lamina, pericytes and a thin layer of adventitia
  • Pre-capillary sphincters are also present
  • No smooth muscle
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13
Q

What do brain capillaries not have?

A

Adventitial layer

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14
Q

Pericytes

A

Capillaries and postcapillaries are basal lamina-enclosed cells. Behaves like smooth muscle cells

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15
Q

Types of capillaries

A
  • Continuous capillaries
  • Fenestrated capillaries
  • Porous capillaries
  • Sinusoids
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16
Q

Continuous capillaries

A
  • Ubiquitous
  • Endothelial cells with tight junctions
  • Few cytoplasmic organelles
  • Vesicles used to get in and out
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17
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A
  • Common in gastrointestinal tract and endocrine glands
  • Large diameter
  • Fenestrae (small holes)- allows for fast input and output
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18
Q

Porous capillaries

A
  • Areas where you need to remove a lot of fluid because has lots of holes
  • Basal lamina is still continuous. So fluid still needs to go through this layer which allows for a certain amount of control to ensure that important component stay in capillaries
  • Kidney glomerulus
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19
Q

Sinusoids

A
  • Very large lumen
  • Maximum exchange with surrounding parenchyma because it is broken/detached. Everything including cells can get out of vessels
  • Liver parenchyma and spleen
20
Q

Metarterioles

A
  • Link artery to capillary
  • Has sphincter (helps control flow)
  • Near side of capillary bed
21
Q

Thoroughfare channel

A
  • Connects capillary to vein
  • Far side of capillary bed
22
Q

Continuous flow through capillary bed

A

Metarteriole and thoroughfare are continuous with each other

23
Q

Sphincters of capillary beds

A
  • When sphincters relaxed, blood flows all over the capillary beds.
  • When sphincters contract, blood flow will go straight through from metarterioles and thoroughfare channel
24
Q

Post-capillary venules

A

The most leaky blood vessel in the system. Will leak fluid when inflammation present and swelling is due to the leaky blood vessels!

25
Q

Venules

A
  • First venous channel that collect tissue fluid
  • Incomplete tight junctions; leaky; important during inflammation, can have valves
26
Q

Different Venules

A
  • Post capillary veins (smallest)
  • Pericytic venules
  • Muscular venules
27
Q

Small veins

A

Tunica media: 2-4 layers of circular smooth muscle layers

28
Q

Medium veins

A

Satellite to muscular arteries

Tunica interna
- Endothelium
- Can have valves
- Very thin subendothelial layer of collagen and elastic fibers
- Internal elastic membrane may be present in larger veins

Tunica media
- Many layers of circular and some longitudinal smooth muscle cells

Tunica externa
- Predominantly collagenous
- Some longitudinal elastic fibers

29
Q

Large veins

A

Structure similar to medium veins

Tunica media
- Thin compared to size of vessel
- Smooth muscle cells
- Collagen and elastic fibers

Tunica externa
- Thick
- Longitudinal/spiral smooth muscle bundles
- Collagen and elastic fibers

30
Q

Specialized blood vessels

A

Special structures for specific functions

Thick walled (NO needed to open up)
- Teat (artery and vein)
- Veins in glans penis
- Coronary arteries

Decreased thickness
- Arteries of brain, bone and lungs

Circular sphincter like thickenings in tunica media
- Veins of large intestine, liver, and skin

31
Q

Sensory receptors affecting vessels

A

Carotid body and carotid sinus have sensory cells that detect changes in blood vessels CO2 and O2 levels

32
Q

Lymphatics

A
  • Lymph capillaries
  • Small and medium sized lymph vessels
  • Large lymph vessels
  • valves
33
Q

Lymph capillaries

A
  • Very thin endothelium
  • Mainly present in loose connective tissue
  • Junctional complexes are very weak and can create gaps allowing for easy entrance of fluids
  • Outer surface of endothelium is connected to collagen and elastic fibers which helps keep the lumen open
  • Absent in CNS, eyeball, bone marrow red pulp of spleen, liver lobule and tonsils
34
Q

Small and medium sized lymph vessels

A
  • Large diameter
  • One or two layers of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers
  • Tunica externa is not distinguishable from surrounding connective tissue
35
Q

Large lymph vessels

A
  • Have tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica externa but they are not well delineated
  • No internal elastic membrane
36
Q

Lymphatic valves

A
  • Present in all lymph vessels (but capillaries may not have them)
  • Endothelial fold with very little connective tissue core
37
Q

Layers of heart

A
  • Endocardium
  • Myocardium
  • Epicardium
38
Q

Endocardium

A

Lining of the inside of the heart

Composed of 3 layers
- Endothelium
- Inner subendothelial layer (dense CT with collagen and elastic fibers, some smooth muscle)
- Outer subendothelial layer (loose collagen, and elastic fibers, purkinje fibers, adipose tissue, lymph and blood supply)

39
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A
  • Collagen fibers predominate and connect with fibrous rings and chordae tendineae
  • Central layer has elastic fibers
40
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • Connective tissue fibers are circularly arranged
  • Elastic fibers are thin towards the blood vessels and thick towards the ventricular surface
  • Presence of loose connective tissue and cartilage makes the free edge thick
41
Q

Impulse generation

A

Occurs at the sinoatrial (SA) node and atrioventricular node (AV)

42
Q

SA node

A
  • Network of thin branching nodal muscle cells, scarce muscle fibers, no intercalated disks
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Many autonomic nerve fibers
43
Q

AV node

A
  • Similar to SA node
  • Nodal muscle fibers continuous with atrial myocardial fibers and impulse conducting cardiac fibers forming atrioventricular bundle
44
Q

Myocardium

A
  • Thickest layer of the heart
  • Includes cardiac muscle, impulse conducting system, and cardiac muscle skeleton
45
Q

Epicardium

A
  • Covered externally by visceral pericardium
  • Many elastic fibers that protect blood vessels and nerves
46
Q

Pericardium

A
  • Consists of thick layer of collagen bundles and elastic fibers covered with inner and outer mesothelial layers
  • Space between visceral and parietal layers is pericardial cavity which contains serous fluid for easy movement of the heart

Anatomy #2- Thorax (11 decks)

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