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Cardiovascular > Microanatomy > Flashcards

Microanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Function of left ventricle

A

Pump

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2
Q

Mean pressure of left ventricle

A

95 mmHg

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3
Q

Structural features of left ventricle

A

Thick, muscular walls

Inlet and outlet valves

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4
Q

Large artery function

A

Elastic and pulsatile
Storage
Resists flow
Pushes blood forward

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5
Q

Mean pressure of large arteries

A

95 - 85 mmHg

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6
Q

Structural features of large arteries

A

Muscular walls to control diameter and connective tissue for strength

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7
Q

Medium artery function

A

Muscular

Blood distribution

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8
Q

Mean pressure of medium arteries

A

95 - 85 mmHg

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9
Q

Structural features of medium arteries

A

Muscular walls to control diameter and connective tissue for strength

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10
Q

Arteriole function

A

Microcirculation
Major method of control and fine tuning
Diverts and flushes blood

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11
Q

Mean pressure of arterioles

A

85 - 35 mmHg

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12
Q

Structural features of arterioles

A

Smooth muscle to control diameter with little connenctive tissue

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13
Q

Other microcirculation artery structures

A

Metarterioles

Precapillary sphincters

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14
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Gas exchange

No flow control

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15
Q

Mean pressure of capillaries

A

35 - 15 mmHg

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16
Q

Structural features of capillaries

A

Endothelium

No muscle or connective tissue

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17
Q

Function of venules

A

Large volume reserve

Fluid exchange

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18
Q

Mean pressure of venules

A

15 - 0 mmHg

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19
Q

Structural features of venules

A

Thin walls, large diameter

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20
Q

Structural features of veins

A

Thin walls, variable structure

Valves to assist return

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21
Q

Structural features of right atrium

A

Thin, muscular walls

22
Q

Percentage of blood in venous system

A

70%

23
Q

6 key elastic arteries

A 
Aorta
Subclavian
Left carotid
Brachiocephalic
Pulmonary
Iliacs
24
Q

Tunica intima of elastic arteries

A

Thicker than in muscular arteries
Up to 20% of wall
Longitudinal elastin fibres in subendothelial connective tissue
Internal elastic lamina present but indistinguishable from elastic laminae

25
Q

Tunica media of elastic arteries

A

Lamellar units made up of elastic lamina (fenestrated), smooth muscle and collagen fibres
Circular orientation around vessel

26
Q

Tunica adventitia of elastic arteries

A

Collagen and elastin fibres
Small blood vessels (vasa vasorum)
Autonomic nerves

27
Q

Tunica intima of muscular arteries

A

Four layers:

1) endothelium
2) basement membrane of endothelium
3) subendothelial connective tissue
4) distinctive internal elastic lamina

28
Q

Tunica media of muscular arteries

A

Middle, thickest coat
Smooth muscle fibres control diameter
Elastin fibres give resiliency
Collagen fibres limit expansion and prevent rupture
Outer margin can include external elastic lamine - not as prominent as internal

29
Q

Tunica adventitia of muscular arteries

A

Usually only collagen and elastic fibres

Vasa vasorum to service outer layers

30
Q

4 key risk factors for arterial disease

A

Sedentary lifestyle
Diet high in saturated fat
Alcohol
Smoking

31
Q

Berry aneurysm

A

Weakening of tunica media of artery
Usually in the brain
Risk increases with age and blood pressure

32
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Tunica intima starts to thicken, internal elastic lamina breaks down
Lipids increase
Endothelium is activated
Macrophages are recruited
Macrophages accummulate into foam cells
Foam cells aggregate into plaques
Smooth muscle activates and invades tunica intima
Atherosclerotic plaque with fatty streaks and cholesterol slits narrows lumen of vessle, causes change in flow, disrupts homeostasis
Can break off and embolise, or collagen caps can form around it making it more stable

33
Q

Dissecting aneurysm

A

As plaque develops, tunica media thins out, causing it to rip
Common in abdominal aorta

34
Q

4 key modifications in hypertension

A

Tunica intima thickening
Internal elastic lamina duplication
Increase in smooth muscle layers which increases peripheral resistance
Increase in density and thickness of tunica adventitia which increases collagen fibres

35
Q

Arteriole key features

A

Less than 100 microns in diameter
Three or fewer layers of smooth muscle in tunica media
Wall thickness about equal to lumen
Intima comprised of endothelial cells overlying a basal lamina
Internal elastic lamina present in large arterioles
Thicker muscle coat in media than any other vessel
Greatest pressure drop of all vessels
Variation in diameter has pronounced effect on blood flow

36
Q

The microcirculation pathway

A 
Arteriole
Terminal arteriole
Splits into metarteriole and pre-capillary sphincter
Continues into thoroughfare channel
Capillary bed
Post-capillary venule
Continues into muscular venule
Lymph capillaries dotted throughout
37
Q

Arteriovenous anastomoses

A

When an arteriole leads directly to a venule without any capillaries arising from it as side branches
If their muscle coats are relaxed they allow blood to shunt directly from the arterial to the venous system
If their muscle coats contract then blood is forced into nearby metarterioles and then into capillary beds which they supply

38
Q

Pre-capillary sphincter

A

Controls entry of blood from arteriole into capillary

When closed, blood is directed via a thoroughfare channel to a venule, bypassing the capillary bed

39
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoids

40
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Tight junctions and intercellular clefts which can be closed or open
Found in blood brain barrier, muscle, connective tissues and lungs
Allow passage of water, ions and small molecules but not plasma proteins

41
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Either closed or open perforations
Closed by thin, non-membranous diaphragms
Common in intestines, endocrine glands and kidneys

42
Q

Sinusoids

A

Wide-bore capillaries with large gaps between edges of adjacent endothelial cells
Gaps allow easy passage of large molecules and whole cells
Found in bone marrow, spleen and liver

43
Q

Postcapillary venules

A

Drain capillary beds
Lack smooth muscle but do have pericytes
During inflammation and allergy leak blood plasma into surrounding tissue causing oedema

44
Q

Muscular venules

A

Large
Up to two layers of smooth muscle in tunica media
Thin wall in relation to diameter
Endothelial nuclei that bulge into the lumen

45
Q

Pericytes

A

Contractile cells that wrap around endothelial cells in capillaries and venules

46
Q

Varicose veins

A

Visible pooling of blood in the legs due to incompetent valves in superficial veins

47
Q

Venous valves

A

Infoldings of tunica intima
Prevent backflow
Bicuspid

48
Q

Venous thrombosis

A

Blood clot forms normally in deep veins of lower leg
Part of clot can break loose and embolise which is likely to pass through right heart and lodge in pulmonary arterial tree

49
Q

Risk factors for venous thrombosis

A 
Surgery
Childbirth
Trauma
The pill
Sitting still for a long time
50
Q

Function of venous valves in legs

A

When walking, valves break up column of blood into segments with each segment experiencing only tjhe gravitational pressure proportional to its height, then bolus is pushed up by skeletal muscle compression on the veins

51
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Blind-ending endothelial tubes
Endothelial cells tethered to surrounding connective tissue by delicate anchoring filaments
No basement membrane
Large intercellular clefts

52
Q

Collecting lymphatics

A

Larger lymphatic vessels that lymphatic capillaries drain into
Thin walls and lots of valves
Eventually enter a lymph node
Lymph enters into bloodstream via thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

Cardiovascular (6 decks)

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