Micro4 theory Flashcards

1
Q

Perfect price dicsrimination

A

P=MC

CS = 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Preference-based (neoclassical model)

A

Two different consumers, two different demand functions, they value product differently.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Naivete Price Discrimination

A

Naive Consumers demand more due to a mistake, and not due their actual preferences.
Sophisticated Consumers are the same low-value consumers in the previous model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bertrand paradox

A

End up in same eq. as for perfect competition (p = MC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Facilitating collusion

A

collusion gets easier as discount factor δ gets higher also, if
(1) there is no uncertainty (about demand, prices, quantities, . . .)
(2) firms are symmetric (e.g. costs, discount factors)
(3) there is multi-market contact
(4) firms share information

rember that the higher the critical discount factor collusion harder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Concentration of industry

A

Concentration should be higher in industries where economies of
scale are larg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why firms aren’t the same size in reality

A

firms may not have access
to the same technology:
* (lower MC), it can gain a first-mover advantage
* Compunded by moving down the learning curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

different market structure

A
  • coordination failures (eg. market only largre for one)
  • forecasting mistakes (eg. overestimate demand)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Endogenous entry cost

A

empirically advertising intensity differs across industries, relationship between market size and concentration should be flatter with higher advertising intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

intensity competion of entry

A

Bertrand extreemely competitive (one firm enters)
the higher intensity of competition the more concentrated the market

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

efficient entry

A

planner in general does not want super high n, cause of duplication of fixed costs
* cournot entry is excessive
* bertrand entry is insufficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Regulate entry

A
  • Consumer surplus: increases via lower prices
  • Business stealing: total profit increases by less than amount of entrant

For moderate price reductions second effect outweighs the firts -> regulation (imposing licensing fees)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Barry & Waldfogel

A
  • entry is socially excessive
  • deadweight loss –> duplication of station operating costs
  • advertiser if social optimum however would pay higher prices
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Effects on insiders profit

A
  1. Fixed cost savings
  2. Marginal cost savings
  3. Less competition
  4. Two profits tuned into one
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Effects on outsiders profit

A
  1. Fewer competitors
  2. Tougher competition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Benefit from merger

Lower marginal cost : price ↓.
Less ccompetition : price ↑.

A

If c′ = c, the outsiders benefit from the merger, because M reduce their
output, so price ↑.
if marginal-cost efficiencies are strong, the outsiders are hurt by the merger.

17
Q

Differientated bertrand competition

A

Always profitable

18
Q

Merger waves

A
  • Exogenous causes: deregulation
  • Endogenous causes: a merger between two big firms in the
    industry may make it necessary for others to keep pace
19
Q

Allowing merger?

A

authorities must weigh:
* insiders (expect to gain)
* outsiders may gain or lose
* consumers tend to lose

if no efficiency gains , mergers are (almost always) welfare-reducing

20
Q

assessing efficiency gains from merger

A
  • cost efficiencies hard to observe
  • caution in assessing claims from both insiders and outsiders
  • insiders incentive to overstate efficiency gains
  • when merger leads to price decrease –> outsiders worse off
  • outsiders call for merger blocked –> might signal merger is welfare-enhancing
21
Q

collusion and remedies

A

mergers generate favorable conditions for collusion
(reduce number firms, increasing symmetry)
REMEDIES:
* structural : reallocate property rights –> merger sell assets
* behavioral: constrain property rights–> merger commmit to certain practices

22
Q

Entry

A
  • entry rates are higher following a merger
  • A merger is akin(similar) to an exit. Thus (if barriers to entry are low)
    restoring equilibrium may require entry of a new firm → self-correcting dynamics
23
Q

Entry deterrence

A

Sequential game , Incumbent receives more than the Cournot profit due to its first-mover advantage.

stackelberg competition

Incumbent must make irreversable capacity investments (strong commitment)

24
Q

Predatory priciing

A

Price so low to zero profit,
chicago school not worry low prices can’t go forever. (no money to stay then should borrow)

25
Q

Long pursue of predatory pricing

A

Bank loan depends on prob p

p probability bank refuses to loan

26
Q

Double margialization

A

U markup on c to determine w
D markup on w to determine p
Both firms and consumers would benefit from correcting inefficieny

27
Q

Retailer investments

A

for example: pre-sale trained staff (advice)
-> free rider problem other rretailers

28
Q

Vertical foreclosure

A

If contracts were publicly observable,
U can sell to each firm a quantity qm/2 at a wholesale price w = pm.
If no observable, D2 prevede che U vuole incularlo non accetta offer, so U gets less than monopoly profits (no more than Cournot profits)

pm, qm monopoly price & quantity

29
Q

product differientiation

A

hotelling model flexible location -> position in the middle. 1/2 (principle of minimum differentiation)
welfare would be max. at location 1/4 and 3/4

30
Q

Innovation

A

innovation reducse cost from c0 to c1

  • Drastic p(c1) < c0 : the innovator is uncostrained by competition
  • Non-drastic p(c1) >c0 : costrained by competition (can’t behave like monopolist without being undercut)