Micro4 theory Flashcards
Perfect price dicsrimination
P=MC
CS = 0
Preference-based (neoclassical model)
Two different consumers, two different demand functions, they value product differently.
Naivete Price Discrimination
Naive Consumers demand more due to a mistake, and not due their actual preferences.
Sophisticated Consumers are the same low-value consumers in the previous model
Bertrand paradox
End up in same eq. as for perfect competition (p = MC)
Facilitating collusion
collusion gets easier as discount factor δ gets higher also, if
(1) there is no uncertainty (about demand, prices, quantities, . . .)
(2) firms are symmetric (e.g. costs, discount factors)
(3) there is multi-market contact
(4) firms share information
rember that the higher the critical discount factor collusion harder
Concentration of industry
Concentration should be higher in industries where economies of
scale are larg
Why firms aren’t the same size in reality
firms may not have access
to the same technology:
* (lower MC), it can gain a first-mover advantage
* Compunded by moving down the learning curve
different market structure
- coordination failures (eg. market only largre for one)
- forecasting mistakes (eg. overestimate demand)
Endogenous entry cost
empirically advertising intensity differs across industries, relationship between market size and concentration should be flatter with higher advertising intensity
intensity competion of entry
Bertrand extreemely competitive (one firm enters)
the higher intensity of competition the more concentrated the market
efficient entry
planner in general does not want super high n, cause of duplication of fixed costs
* cournot entry is excessive
* bertrand entry is insufficient
Regulate entry
- Consumer surplus: increases via lower prices
- Business stealing: total profit increases by less than amount of entrant
For moderate price reductions second effect outweighs the firts -> regulation (imposing licensing fees)
Barry & Waldfogel
- entry is socially excessive
- deadweight loss –> duplication of station operating costs
- advertiser if social optimum however would pay higher prices
Effects on insiders profit
- Fixed cost savings
- Marginal cost savings
- Less competition
- Two profits tuned into one
Effects on outsiders profit
- Fewer competitors
- Tougher competition