Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 5 - Pathology > MICRO: Zoonoses > Flashcards

MICRO: Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

What are zoonoses? What % of infections are made up by these?

A

Diseases that pass between people and animals

More than 70% of emerging human infectious diseases come from animals

  • Examples of new emerging infectious diseases
    • VHF (viral haemorrhagic fevers)
    • Respiratory diseases (MERS)
    • Novel influenza viruses (pH1N1)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are zoonoses transmitted?

A
  • Everyday contact with animals – scratches and bites*
  • By-products (faeces/urine) – contaminated soil, litter
  • Foodstuffs – carcass processing, milk and milking, raw/undercooked meats

*NB: less traditional pets must be considered e.g. reptiles, rodents, chickens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two levels of classifying zoonoses?

A
  1. ​Farm/Wild vs Companion
  2. UK vs Tropical

Farm/wild animals

  • Cattle
  • Poultry
  • Goats
  • Pigs

Companion animals

  • Cats/dogs (ticks, mice/rodents)
  • Reptiles/amphibians
  • Fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give examples of zoonoses according to this classification.

A

NOTE: conditions that are native to the UK can also happen in other places, but it doesn’t tend to work the other way around (e.g. cases of Brucella likely to be due to a recent travel history and not likely to have been picked up in the UK)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis and how is it transmitted?

A

Cause: Campylobacter

Reservoir = poultry, cattle

Transmission = contaminated food; often, cross-contamination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the clinical features of campylobacter infection? How is it investigated and managed?

A
  • Investigations
    • Stool culture
  • Management
    • Supportive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which strains of salmonella infect humans? What is its reservoir?

A

There are >200 strains of salmonella but only typhi and parathyphi can infect humans

Reservoir: poultry, reptiles/amphibians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is salmonella transmitted? What are its clinical features?

A

Transmission:

  • Contaminated food
  • Poor hand hygiene

Clinical presentation

  • Diarrhoea
  • Vomiting
  • Fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is salmonella investigated? What is the management?

A

Investigations

  • Stool culture

Management

  • Supportive
  • Ciprofloxacin or Azithromycin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which zoonotic infection is a curved, gram-ve rod and has a reservoir of kittens >cats?

A

Bartonella henselae

Transmitted by scratches, bites, licks of open wounds, fleas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What diseases are caused by bartonella henselae? Which patients are affected by each?

A
  • Cat Scratch Disease - affects immunocompetent and can present similarly to TB/lymphoma
  • Bacillary angiomatosis - affects immunocompromised i.e. HIV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the clinical features of cat scratch disease?

A

Presentation

  • Macule at site of inoculation
  • Becomes pustular
  • Regional adenopathy
  • Systemic symptoms (fever, night sweats, weight loss) i.e. like TB/lymphoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the clinical features of bacillary angiomatosis?

A

CAN BE FATAL AT PRESENTATION

  • Skin papules
  • Disseminated multi-organ and vasculature involvement
  • Leads to bursting of blood vessels in various organs and tissues –> can cause long term sequelae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What investigations would you do for cat scratch disease vs bacillary angiomatosis? What is the management of each? (NB: don’t need to learn managements in this lecture)

A

CSD:

  • Ix: serology
  • Mx: erythromycin, doxycycline

BA:

  • Ix: histopathology. serology
  • Mx: erythromycin, doxycycline, rifampicin.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the reservoir of toxoplasmosis and how is it transmitted?

A

Reservoir = cats, sheep

Transmission:

  • Infected meat
  • Faecal contamination
  • NB: Toxoplasmosis actually affects mice cognition and participation in risky activities which makes them more likely to be caught by a cat and ingested so that the life cycle can complete. Cats can then pass it onto humans.*
  • Toxoplasmosis is actually present disproportionately more in those with schizophrenia so perhaps it may be linked to its development. This is especially dangerous in pregnant women as it can affect the foetus,*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the clinical presentation of toxoplasmosis?

A

Clinical presentation:

  • Fever + adenopathy
  • Still-birth
  • Progressive
    • visual loss
    • hearing loss
    • motor loss
    • cognitive loss
  • Seizures
  • Neuropathies (immunocompromised)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the investigations and management of toxocplasmosis in pregnancy?

A
  • Serology - Sabin Feldman Dye test (serum incubated with methylene blue dye to stain blue if no anti-toxo antibodies are present and so toxo remains intact)
  • Toxoplasmosis PCR +ve in mother, -ve in baby –> Spiramycin (3-week course, 2-3g/day)
    • I.E. no vertical transmission
    • Spiramycin prevents vertical transmission
  • Toxoplasmosis PCR +ve in mother, +ve in baby–> Pyrimethamine + Sulfadiazine
    • Treat baby for up to 1 year after delivery (if no termination)
    • Adjunct: Prednisolone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What zoonotic infections are transmitted through unpasterurised milk? What are other transmission types and what is the reservoir for this?

A

Brucella burgdorferi

Reservoir = cattle, goats

Transmission:

  • Unpasteurised milk/cheese
  • Mucosal splash
  • Undercooked meat
  • Aerosolization/inhalation
19
Q

How does Brucellosis present?

A

Presentation:

  • FLAWS (over a period of months)
  • Back pain
  • Orchitis (may lodge in testes)
  • Focal abscesses (psoas, liver, etc.)
20
Q

What investigations can be done for brucellosis? What is the management?

A
  • 1st: Blood/pus culture (in Castaneda medium) – must tell the lab that this is ?brucella
  • 2nd: Serology

Management: 6 weeks of

  • Doxycycline; and
  • Gentamycin or rifampicin
21
Q

What is the pathogen causing Q fever? What is its reservoir and mode of transmission?

A

Cause: Coxiella burnetti

Reservoir = cattle, goats, (sheep)

Transmission:

  • Aerosolisation/inhalation of secretions, waste, or milk of infected animals
  • Unpasteurised milk

NB: most of goat products in UK come from the Netherlands. Common practice used to be that goat faeces and urine were not cleaned up but rather hay was piled on top; when it started to smell windows/doors were opened and this created the ideal environment for Q fever and >100,000 cases were reported there.

22
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Q fever?

A

Clinical presentation:

  • Fever
  • ‘Flu-like’ illness
  • Pneumonia
  • Hepatitis
  • Endocarditis
  • Focal abscesses (para-vertebral/discitis, etc.)
23
Q

What investigations and management are used for Q fever?

A

Investigations:

  • Serology

Management:

  • Doxycycline
  • (Hydroxychloroquine)
24
Q

What causes rabies? What are the reservoirs and modes of transmission?

A

Lyssa virus

Reservoir = dogs, cats, bats

Transmission:

  • Bites, scratches
  • Contact with infected fluid
25
Q

What is the clinical presentation of rabies?

A
  • Seizures
  • Excessive salivation
  • Fever
  • Agitation
  • Confusion
  • Headache
26
Q

What investigations are done for rabies? What is the management?

A

Investigations:

  • Serology
  • Brain biopsy
  • (USA saliva PCR)

Management:

  • Immunoglobulin (only given if direct exposure to saliva likely and no pre-exposure to vaccine)
  • Vaccine
27
Q

What are the pathogens causing rat bite fever? What is the reservoir and transmission?

A

Streptobacillus moniliformis or Spirillum minus

Reservoir = rats

Transmission = bites and contact with infected urine or droppings

28
Q

How does rat bite fever present?

A
  • Presentation (comes on 2-10 days after bite):
    • 1st: fevers, polyarthralgia, maculopapular progressing to purpuric rash
    • 2nd: can progress to endocarditis

Looks like septic arthritis

29
Q

How do you investigate for rat bite fever? What is the management?

A

Investigations: looks like septic arthritis

  • Joint fluid microscopy/culture
  • Blood culture

Management

  • Penicillin
30
Q

What is Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome? How does it present?

A

Viral illness with a range of manifestations (resp/bleeding/renal) geographically.

Clinical features:

  • Fever
  • Myalgia
  • ‘Flu-like’ illness
  • Respiratory failure (USA)
  • Bleeding (SE Asia)
  • Renal failure (SE Asia)
31
Q

What are the reservoirs of hantavirus? How is it transmitted?

A

Reservoirs:

  • Deer mouse –> Sin Nombre virus
  • White-footed mouse –> Sin Nombre virus
  • Cotton rat –> Black canal virus
  • Rice rat –> Bayou virus

Transmission

  • Contact with infected urine or droppings
  • Aerosolisation
32
Q

What is the name of Hantaviruses in these reservoirs?

  1. Deer mouse
  2. White-footed mouse
  3. Cotton rat
  4. Rice rat
A
  1. Deer mouse –> Sin Nombre virus
  2. White-footed mouse –> Sin Nombre virus
  3. Cotton rat –> Black canal virus
  4. Rice rat –> Bayou virus
33
Q

What investigations should be done for Hantavirus? What is the management?

A

Investigations

  • Serology
  • PCR

Management

  • Supportive
34
Q

List 4 viruses causing haemorrhagic fever. and their reservoirs

A
  1. Bats - Ebola
  2. Bats - Marburg
  3. Rats - Lassa
  4. Ticks - Congo-Crimean haemorrhagic fever
35
Q

How are viral haemorrhagic fevers transmitted? What is the clinical presentation?

A

Transmitted by contact with fluids of those who are infected.

Clinical presentation:

  • Fever
  • Myalgia
  • ‘Flu-like’ illness
  • Bleeding
36
Q

What investigations should be done for VHF? What is an important differential?

A
  • Investigations
    • Serology
    • PCR
  • Management = supportive

Differential = malaria

37
Q

History of zoonoses

A

Instead of pets ask about contact with animals

Travel history is important -

  • Ask specifically where they have been and write it down
  • Ask about kind of accommodation
  • Ask about types of activities they did (e.g. trekking, sex)
38
Q

What are the main 3 investigations used in investigating zoonoses?

A
  • Culture
    • Bloods
    • Pus
    • CSF
    • Stool
  • Serology (targeted or save i.e. save and freeze for later)
  • PCR
39
Q

A 35 year old patient with abdominal cramps and diarrhoea after a BBQ. What is the most likley cause?

  1. Beef
  2. Pork
  3. Chicken
  4. Unpasteurised cheese
40
Q

35yo patient presents with fever after a bat bite. What potential infection is the most concerning?

  1. Spirillum minus
  2. Hanta virus
  3. Lassa virus
  4. Rabies virus
  5. Streptobacillus monilliformis
41
Q

35yo patient is suspected of having Brucella infection in their right psoas after drinking unpasteurised goats milk. What is the first investigation to obtain?

  1. Blood culture
  2. Psoas pus culture
  3. Serology
  4. Whole blood PCR
  5. Psoas muscle histopathology
42
Q

35yo patient presents with fever of 38.8oC after return from 3 months in Rwanda, when they co-habited in a hut with a family and their livestock. How should the patient be managed?

  1. Admit to bay
  2. Transfer to HCID unit at Royal Free
  3. Admit into side room
  4. Discharge
  5. Discharge to return to infectious diseases clinic in 3 days
43
Q

What is the difference between Lassa and Lyssa virus?

A

Lyssa virus - causes rabies

Lassa virus - viral haemorrhagic fever virus originating from rats

Year 5 - Pathology (89 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions