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USMLE STEP 1 > Micro Viruses > Flashcards

Micro Viruses Flashcards

1
Q 
Reassortment 
What is it?
What does it lead to?
Danger?
Example
A

Viruses with segmented genomes exchange segments
High frequency re-combination
Worldwide pandemics
Influenza virus

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2
Q

Complementation

A

1 of 2 viruses that infects a cell has a mutation that results in a nonfunctional protein. The non-mutated virus complements the mutated one by making a functional protein that serves both viruses

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3
Q

Phenotypic mixing

A

Simultaneous infection –> Genome of virus A partially or completely coated in surface protein from virus B

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4
Q

Live attenuated vaccines
What does it induce?
Risk
Names

A

Humoral and cell-mediated immunty
Reversion to virulence (rare)
“Live! one night only! see Small Yellow Chickens get vaccinated with Sabin’s and MMR! It’s INcredible”
Smallpox, Yellow fever, Chickenpox (VZV), Sabin’s Polio, MMR, Influenza (intranasal)

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5
Q

Can MMR be given to HIV pts?

A

Even though its a live attenuated vaccine, it can be given to HIV pts if they don’t show signs of immunodeficiency

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6
Q

Killed Vaccines
What does it induce?
Names

A

Only humoral response
“SalK = Killed. RIP Always”
Rabies, Influenza (injected), Salk Polio, HAV

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7
Q

Recombinant vaccines

A

HBV (Ag = recombinant HBsAg)

HPV (6, 11, 16, 18)

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8
Q

dsDNA viruses

A

All DNA viruses except Parvoviridae

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9
Q

ssDNA viruses

A

Parvoviridae (Parvovirus)

“Part-of-a-virus” has less DNA”

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10
Q

Circular DNA viruses

A

Papilloma and Polyoma (circular supercoiled), and Hepadnaviruses (circular, incomplete)

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11
Q

Linear DNA viruses

A

All DNA viruses except for Papilloma, Polyoma, and Hepadnaviruses

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12
Q

ssRNA viruses

A

All RNA viruses except for Reoviridae

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13
Q

dsRNA viruses

A

Reoviridae

“REpeatO virus is redundant with 2 strands”

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14
Q

+ssRNA viruses

A

“I went to a Retro Toga party where i drank Flavored Coronas and ate Hippy California Pickles”

Retrovirus, Togavirus, Flavivirus Corona virus, Hepevirus, Calicivirus, Picornavirus

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15
Q

Naked viral genome infectivity

A

Infectious: dsDNA viruses (except Poxvirus and HBV), and +ssRNA (like mRNA) viruses
Non-infectious: -ssRNA and dsRNA. Require polymerase contained in complete virion

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16
Q

Virus ploidy

A

All viruses are haploid except retrovirus which has 2 identical ssRNA molecules

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17
Q

Where do viruses replicate?

A

All DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus except poxvirus

All RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm except influenza and retroviruses

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18
Q

Non-enveloped viruses
Names
Where is envelope from?

A

“give PAP smears and CPR to Naked HEPpy”
DNA = PAPP, RNA = CRP and HEP
Papillomavirus, Adenovirus, Parvovirus, Polyomavirus, Calcivirus, Picornavirus, Reovirus, Hepevirus
Usually from cell membrane except for Herpes, which gets it from nuclear membrane

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19
Q

DNA viruses names

A

“HHAPPPPy”

Hepadna, Herpes, Adeno, Pox, Parvo, Papilloma, Polyoma

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20
Q

Icosahedral DNA viruses?

A

All except Pox (complex)

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21
Q

DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus?

A

All except Pox (carries its own DNA dependent RNA pol)

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22
Q

Herpesviruses
Nucleic acid? Envelope?
Names

A

dsDNA, Linear. Enveloped

HSV1, HSV2, VZV (HHV3), EBV (4), CMV (5), HHV6, HHV7, HHV8

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23
Q 
Hepadnavirus 
Nucleic acid? Envelope?
Names w/ disease 
Vaccine 
Transcription
A

dsDNA, partially circular. Enveloped
HBV: acute or chronic hepatitis
Vaccine available. Contains HBV surface Ag
Not a retrovirus but has a reverse transcriptase

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24
Q

Adenovirus
Nucleic acid? Envelope?
Diseases

A 
dsDNA, Linear. Not enveloped 
Febrile pharyngitis (sore throat, acute hemorrhagic cystitis), Pneumonia, Conjunctivitis (pink eye)
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25
Parvovirus Nucleic acid? Envelope? Names with diseases
-ssDNA, Linear. Not enveloped B19: aplastic crisis in sickle cell disease, Erythema infectionsum (5th disease, slapped cheek), RBC destruction in fetus --> hydrops fetalis and death, Pure RBC aplasia and RA-like symptoms in adults
26
Papillomavirus Nucleic acid? Envelope? Names with diseases Vaccine
``` dsDNA, Circular. Not enveloped HPV 1,2,6,11: warts Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) Cervical cancer (16, 18) Vaccine for 16 and 18 ```
27
Polyomavirus Nucleic acid? Envelope? Names with diseases and Findings
dsDNA, Circular. Not enveloped JC: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV pt MBP present in CSF BK: Transplant pt, commonly targets kidneys "JC = Junky Cerebrum. BK = Bad Kidney"
28
Poxvirus Nucleic acid? Envelope? Diseases
dsDNA, Linear. Enveloped Smallpox, Vaccina (cowpox - milkmaid's blisters) Molluscum contagiosum: flesh colored dome lesions with central dimple
29
``` HSV1 Nucleic acid? Envelope? Diseases caused by it? Latency? Transmission? ```
dsDNA, Linear. Enveloped Oral (and some genital lesions), Gingivostomatitis, Keratoconjunctivitis, Temporal lobe encephalitis (most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in the US), Herpes Labialis Latent in V ganglia Respiratory secretions, Saliva
30
``` HSV2 Nucleic acid? Envelope? Diseases caused by it? Latency? Transmission? ```
dsDNA, Linear. Enveloped Genital (and some oral lesions), Herpes genitalis, Neonatal herpes Latent in Sacral ganglia Sexual contact, Perinatal
31
``` VZV Name Nucleic acid? Envelope? Diseases caused by it? Latency? Vaccine? Transmission? ```
``` HHV3 dsDNA, Linear. Enveloped Varicella-Zoster (chickenpox and shingles), Encephalitis, Pneumonia Latent in DRG or Trigeminal Ganglia Vaccine available Respiratory secretions ```
32
``` EBV Name Nucleic acid? Envelope? What does it infect? Diseases caused by it? Latency? Transmission? ```
``` HHV4 dsDNA, Linear. Enveloped Infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's Lymphoma, Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Infects B cells Latent in B cells Respiratory secretions, Saliva ```
33
``` CMV Name Nucleic acid? Envelope? Diseases caused by it? Who gets infected? Histo Latency? Transmission? ```
HHV5 dsDNA, Linear. Enveloped Congenital infection, Mononucleosis (negative Monospot), Pneumonia, Retinitis Immunosuppressed and Transplant pts Owl's eye inclusions Latent in mononuclear cells Congenital, Transfusion, Sexual contact, Saliva, Urine, Transplant
34
``` HHV6 Nucleic acid? Envelope? Diseases caused by it with presentation? Transmission Related virus? ```
dsDNA, Linear. Enveloped Roseola (exanthem subitum): high fevers for several days that can cause seizures, followed by diffuse macular rash Undetermined transmission HHV7 a less common cause of Roseola
35
``` HHV8 Nucleic acid? Envelope? Diseases caused by it? Who gets it? Transmission ```
dsDNA, Linear. Enveloped Kaposi sarcoma in HIV pt Sexual contact
36
HSV identification
PCR is test of choice Tzaneck test: smear of an open skin vesicle to detect multinucleated giant cells commonly seen in HSV1, HSV2, VZV Infected cells also have intra-nuclear Cowdry A inclusions
37
``` Mononucleosis Caused by... Presentation Peak incidence? Histo Diagnosis ```
EBV infecting B cells Fever, HSM, Pharyngitis, and Lymphadenopathy (esp posterior cervical nodes) 15-20 years of age Atypical lymphocytes seen on peripheral blood smear are not infected B cells, they are reactive Tc cells +Monospot test
38
Monospot Test What is it? Positive test equals...
Heterophile Abs detected by agglutination of sheep or horse RBCs Mononucleosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Endemic Burkitt's lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
39
Reovirus Nucleic acid? Envelope? Segments Caspid Diseases
dsRNA, Linear, Not enveloped, 10-12 segments Icosahedral (double) Coltivirus: Colorado tick fever. Arbovirus transmitted by arthropods (mosquitoes and ticks) Rotavirus: #1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children
40
``` Picornaviruses Nucleic acid? Envelope? Segments Caspid Diseases Replication process Transmission ```
+ssRNA, Linear, Not enveloped, Non-segmented Icosahedral "PERCH" Polio, Echovirus (aseptic meningitis), Rhinovirus (common cold), Coxsackievirus [aseptic meningitis, herpangina (mouth blisters, fever), hand-foot-and-mouth disease, myocarditis], HAV All cause aseptic (viral) meningitis except rhinovirus and HAV RNA is translated into 1 large polypeptide that is cleaved by proteases into functional viral proteins All are enteroviruses (fecal-oral spread) except Rhinoviruses
41
Hepevirus Nucleic acid? Envelope? Segments Caspid Diseases
+ssRNA, Linear, Not enveloped, Non-segmented Icosahedral HEV
42
Caliciviruses Nucleic acid? Envelope? Segments Caspid Diseases
+ssRNA, Linear, Not enveloped, Non-segmented Icosahedral Norovirus: viral gastroenteritis
43
Flaviviruses Nucleic acid? Envelope? Segments Caspid Diseases
+ssRNA, Linear, Enveloped, Non-segmented Icosahedral "CYD went from STL to the Nile" HCV, Yellow fever, Dengue, St Louis encephalitis, West Nile Virus. All except HCV are Arbovirus: transmitted by arthropods (mosquitoes and ticks)
44
Togaviruses Nucleic acid? Envelope? Segments Caspid Diseases
+ssRNA, Linear, Enveloped, Non-segmented Icosahedral Rubella Eastern/Western Equine Encephalitis (Arbovirus: transmitted by arthropods (mosquitoes and ticks))
45
``` Retrovirus Nucleic acid? Envelope? Caspid Special capability Diseases ```
+ssRNA, Linear, Enveloped Icosahedral (HTLV), Complex and Conical (HIV) Reverse transcriptase HTLV: T cell leukemia, HIV: AIDS
46
Coronaviruses Nucleic acid? Envelope? Segments Caspid Diseases
+ssRNA, Linear, Enveloped, Non-segmented Helical Common cold and SARS
47
Orthomyxoviruses Nucleic acid? Envelope? Segments Caspid Diseases
-ssRNA, Linear, Enveloped, 8 segments Helical Influenza virus
48
``` Paramyxoviruses Nucleic acid? Envelope? Segments Caspid Diseases Markers Treatment ```
-ssRNA, Linear, Enveloped, Non-segments Helical Causes disease in children "PaRaMysovirus" Parainfluenza (croup: seal-like barking cough), RSV (bronchiolitis in babies, treat with Ribavirin), Measles, Mumps Surface F (fusion) protein causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multi-nucleated cells Palivizumab (monoclonal Ab against F protein) prevents pneumonia caused by RSV infection in premature infants
49
Rhabdoviruses Nucleic acid? Envelope? Segments Caspid Diseases
-ssRNA, Linear, Enveloped, Non-segments Helical Rabies
50
Filoviruses Nucleic acid? Envelope? Segments Caspid Diseases
-ssRNA, Linear, Enveloped, Non-segments Helical Ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever Often fatal
51
``` Arenaviruses Nucleic acid? Envelope? Segments Caspid Diseases Transmission ```
``` -ssRNA, Circular, Enveloped, 2 segments Helical LCMV: Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Lassa fever encephalitis Spread by mice ```
52
``` Bunyaviruses Nucleic acid? Envelope? Segments Caspid Diseases Transmission ```
-ssRNA, Circular, Enveloped, 3 segments Helical California encephalitis, Sandfly/Rift Valley fevers, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Hantavirus (hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia) All but Hantavirus are Arbovirus: transmitted by arthropods (mosquitoes and ticks)
53
Delta Virus Nucleic acid? Envelope? Segments Caspid Diseases
-ssRNA, Circular, Enveloped, Non-segmented Uncertain symmetry HDV is a defective virus that requires HBV co-infection
54
Negative-Stranded Viruses Replication process What special proteins does it have? Names
Transcribe neg strand to + Brings its own RNA-dependent RNApol "Always Bring Polymerase Or Die Failing Replication" Arenavirus, Bunyavirus, Paramyxovirus, Orthomyxovirus, Delta virus, Filoviruses, Rhabdoviruses
55
Segmented Viruses
All are RNA viruses "BOAR" Bunyaviruses, Orthomyxoviruses (influenza), Arenaviruses, Reoviruses
56
``` Rhinovirus Kind of virus Diseases it causes? Types Route of infection ```
Picornavirus Causes common cold Over 100 serologic types Acid labile - destroyed by stomach acid
57
``` Yellow Fever Virus Kind of Virus Transmission Reservoir Presentation ```
Flavivirus (also an arbovirus) Aedes Mosquitoes Monkey and human reservoir High fever, black vomit, jaundice
58
``` Rotavirus Kind of virus? Diseases it causes Context PathoPhys Prophylaxis ```
Reovirus "ROTAvirus = Right Out The Anus" Infantile gastroenteritis: acute diarrhea Winter, day-care centers, kindergartens Villous destruction with atrophy leads to ↓ absorption of Na and loss of K CDC recommends vaccination of all infants
59
``` Influenza Viruses Kind of virus Ags What are pts at risk for? Evolves? Vaccines ```
Orthomyxoviruses Hemagglutinin (promotes viral entry) and Neuraminidase (promotes progeny virion release) Pts at risk for fatal bacterial superinfection Rapid genetic changes Killed vaccine is a major mode of protection. Vaccine containing live, temp sensitive mutant that replicates in the nose but not in lung also available for children
60
Influenza virus Genetic Shifts/Antigenic Shifts Genetic Drifts
"Sudden Shifts more deadly than graDual Drift" Shifts cause pandemics. Reassortment of viral genome; segments undergo high frequency recombination such as when human flu A virus recombines with swine flue A virus Drift causes epidemics. Minor (antigenic drift) changes based on random mutation
61
Rubella Virus What kind of virus Presentation Children vs Congenital disease?
Togovirus Rubella (German 3 day measles): Fever, Postauricular adenopathy, Lymphadenopathy, Arthralgias, Fine Truncal rash that starts at head and moves down Mild disease in children, Serious congenital disease (ToRCHS infection)
62
``` Measles What causes it? Presentation Possible sequelae Do not confuse with? ```
Paramyxovirus "3Cs: Cough, Coryza, Conjunctivitis" Koplik spots (red spots with blue-white center on buccal mucosa) and descending maculopapular rash. Presents last and spreads from head to toe including hands and feet (vs truncal rash in rubella) SSPE (Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis) occuring years later, Encephalitis, Giant cell pneumonia (rarely in immunosuppressed) Do not confuse with Roseola (HHV6)
63
Mumps What causes it? Presentation Danger
Paramyxovirus "Mumps makes your parotid glands and testes as big as POM-poms" Parotitis, Orchitis (inflammation of testes), and aseptic Meningitis Sterility (esp after puberty)
64
``` Rabies Virus What kind of virus? Shape? Histo? What does it infect? Incubation Post-exposure treatment How does it travel? Presentation Transmission ```
Rhabdoviruses. Bullet-shaped virus Negri bodies in cytoplasm of neurons Purkinje cells of cerebellum Weeks to months incubation Wound cleansing and vaccination +/- rabies immune globulin Travels to CNS by migrating in a retrograde fashion up nerve axons Fever, Malaise --> Agitation, Photophobia, Hydrophobia --> Paralysis, Coma --> Death Bat, Raccoon, Skunk, Dog bites
65
``` HAV Kind of virus? Mode of transmission? Carrier Incubation time HCC risk Symptoms Time course of infection ```
``` Picornavirus (Non-enveloped +strand RNA) Fecal-Oral No carrier Short incubation (weeks) No risk of HCC Asymptomatic Acute ```
66
``` HBV Kind of virus? Mode of transmission? Carrier Incubation time HCC risk ```
``` Hepadnavirus (Enveloped dsDNA) Parenteral, Sexual, Vertical Has Carriers Long incubation (months) Integrates into host genome and acts as oncogene ```
67
``` HCV Kind of virus? Mode of transmission? Carrier Incubation time HCC risk Course of infection What can it cause? ```
``` Flavivirus (Enveloped +sRNA) Primarily blood, IVDU, Post-transfusion Has Carriers Long incubation HCC risk from chronic inflammation Chronic course Cirrhosis, Carcinoma ```
68
``` HDV Kind of virus? Mode of transmission? Carrier Incubation time HCC risk Can it infect alone? Prognosis ```
``` RNA delta virus (enveloped, -ssRNA) Parenteral, Sexual, Vertical Has carriers Superinfection - short. D infects after B Co-infection - long. B and D infect together HCC risk Defective virus and dependent on HBV Superinfection has worsened prognosis ```
69
``` HEV Kind of virus? Mode of transmission? Carrier Incubation time HCC risk High mortality rate in Mnemonic ```
``` Hepevirus (Non-enveloped +ssRNA) Fecal-Oral especially with water-born epidemics No carriers Short intubation No risk for HCC High mortality rates in pregnant women Enteric, Expectant, Epidemics ```
70
Signs and Symptoms of all Hepatitis viruses
Fever, jaundice, elevated ALT/AST
71
Viral reproduction of HBV
B uses its own DNA dependent DNA pol to make full dsDNA | Uses host RNA pol to make mRNA
72
``` Anti HAV (IgM) Best to detect? ```
IgM Ab to HAV | Best test to detect HAV
73
``` Anti HAV (IgG) What does it indicate? What does it do? ```
IgG Ab indicates prior HAV infection and/or vaccination | Protects against re-infection
74
HBsAg
Surface antigen indicates Hep B infection
75
Anti HBs | What does it indicate
Ab to HBsAg | Indicates immunity to HepB
76
HBcAg
Antigen associated with core HBV
77
Anti HBc IgM IgG Positive during...
Ab to ABcAg IgM = acute or recent infection IgG = prior exposure or chronic infection Positive during window period
78
HBeAg What is it? What does it indicate?
A second, different antigenic determinant in the HBV core | Indicates viral replication and therefore high transmissibility
79
Anti HBe What is it? What does it indicate
Antibody to HBeAg | Indicates low transmissibility
80
``` Labs in Acute HBV HBsAg Anti HBs HBeAg Anti HBe Anti HBc ```
``` HBsAg + Anti HBs - HBeAg + Anti HBe - Anti HBc IgM ```
81
``` Labs in Window HBV HBsAg Anti HBs HBeAg Anti HBe Anti HBc ```
``` HBsAg - Anti HBs - HBeAg - Anti HBe + Anti HBc IgM ```
82
``` Labs in Chronic HBV (high infectivity) HBsAg Anti HBs HBeAg Anti HBe Anti HBc ```
``` HBsAg + Anti HBs - HBeAg + Anti HBe - Anti HBc IgG ```
83
``` Labs in Chronic HBV (low infectivity) HBsAg Anti HBs HBeAg Anti HBe Anti HBc ```
``` HBsAg + Anti HBs - HBeAg - Anti HBe + Anti HBc IgG ```
84
``` Labs in Recovery HBV HBsAg Anti HBs HBeAg Anti HBe Anti HBc ```
``` HBsAg - Anti HBs + HBeAg - Anti HBe + Anti HBc IgG ```
85
``` Labs in Immunized HBV HBsAg Anti HBs HBeAg Anti HBe Anti HBc ```
``` HBsAg - Anti HBs + HBeAg - Anti HBe - Anti HBc - ```
86
Sequence of events in HBV infection
SECES | HBsAg, HBeAg, AntiHBc, AntiHBe, AntiHBs
87
Which Hepatitis viruses can cause acute infection?
A,B,C,D,E
88
Which hepatitis viruses can cause chronic infection?
B, C, D
89
HBV Treatment
Interferons (alpha and pagylated) | Lamivudine, Adefovir, Entecavir, telbivudine (Nucleoside Analogs --/ HBV DNApol)
90
HIV Nucleic acid? Enveloped? Segments? Structural genes
+ssRNA, Linear, Enveloped. Diploid (2 molecules of RNA) env: gp120 and gp41 formed from cleavage of gp160 to form envelope proteins gp120 stuck on top of gp41 and attaches to host CD4 T cell. gp41 is transmembrane and mediates fusion and entry gag (p24): caspid protein pol: Reverse transcriptase, aspartate protease, integrase
91
HIV Pathogenesis | Immunity
ssRNA --> dsDNA --> integrates into host genome Virus binds CCR5 (early) or CXCR4 (late) co-receptor and CD4 on T cell Binds CCR5 and CD4 on macrophages CCR5 homozygous mutation = immunity
92
How are envelope proteins acquired by the HIV virus?
Acquired through budding from host cell plasma membrane
93
HIV virus inside to outside
RNA + reverse transcriptase --> caspid protein p24 --> Matrix protein p17 --> Lipid membrane --> gp41 goes through membrane and gp120 on top of it
94
HIV diagnosis When are they falsely negative When are they falsely +
Presumptive Dx made with ELISA for antiHIV Abs (sensitive with high false positive rule out with low threshold) + results are confirmed with Western blot assay for AntiHIV Abs (specific, high false negative rate, rule in with high threshold) Falsely negative in first 1-2 months after infection Falsely + in babies born to infected mothers (anti gp120 crosses placenta)
95
HIV monitoring
PCR/viral load determines amount of viral RNA in the plasma High viral load associated with poor prognosis Used to monitor effects of drug therapy
96
AIDS Dx
CD4+ less than 200 (normally 500-1500) | HIV+ with AIDS-defining condition (PCP) or CD4/CD8 ratio less than 1.5
97
Couse of HIV infection
CD4 count drops then rebounds briefly (after HIV RNA copies peak) then steady decreases HIV RNA copies peaks then drops (when CD4 count rebounds) then gradually rises
98
Stages of HIV infection
"4Fs" 1. Flu-like acute 2. Feeling fine (latent) 3. Falling count 4. Final crisis
99
What happens during latency
Virus replicates in lymph nodes
100
Common diseases of HIV+ adults
Reactivation of past infections (TB, HSV, Shingles) Disseminated bacterial and fungal infections Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
101
HIV pt w/ low-grade fever, cough, HSM, Tongue ulcer Pathogen Findings CD4
Histoplasma capsulatum (causes only pulmonary symptoms in immunocompetent hosts) Oval yeast cells w/in Macrophages CD4 less than 100
102
HIV pt w/ Fluffy white cottage-cheese lesions Pathogen Findings CD4
``` C albicans (thrush) Pseudohyphae Oral if CD4 less than 400, Esophageal if CD4 less than 100 ```
103
HIV pt w/ Superficial vascular proliferation Pathogen Findings
``` Bartonella henselae (bacillary angiomatosis Biopsy reveals neutrophilic inflammation ```
104
HIV pt w/ Chronic watery diarrhea Pathogen Findings CD4
Cryptosporidium | Acid-fast cyst in stool when CD4 less than 200
105
HIV pt w/ Encephalopathy Pathogen Findings CD4
JC virus reactivation (cause of PML) Reactivation of latent virus Results in demyelination CD4 less than 200
106
HIV pt w/ Abscesses Pathogen Findings CD4?
Toxoplasma gondii Many ring-enhancing lesions on imaging CD4 below 100
107
HIV pt w/ Meningitis Pathogen Findings CD4?
Cryptococcus neoformans India ink stain reveals yeast with narrow-based budding and large capsule CD4 less than 50
108
``` HIV pt w/ Retinitis Pathogen Findings May also occur w/... CD4? ```
CMV Cotton wool spots on funduscopic exam May also occur with esophagitis CD4 less than 50
109
HIV pt. w/ Dementia
Directly associated with HIV. Must differentiate from other causes
110
HIV pt w/ Superficial neoplastic proliferative vasculature Pathogen Do not confuse w/ Findings
HHV8 (causes Kaposi Sarcoma) Do not confuse with bacillary angiomatosis caused by B henselae Biopsy reveals lymphocytic inflammation
111
HIV pt w/ Hairy Leukoplakia Pathogen Location
EBV | Often found on lateral tongue
112
HIV pt w/ Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Pathogen Location
EBV | Often on oropharynx (Waldeyer's ring)
113
HIV pt w/ Squamous Cell Carcinoma Pathogen Location
HPV | Anus (men who have sex with men) or Cervix (women)
114
HIV pt w/ Primary CNS lymphoma Pathogen Distribution Differentiate from
EBV Focal or multiple Differentiate from toxoplasmosis
115
HIV pt w/ Interstitial pneumonia Pathogen Findings
CMV | Biopsy reveals cells with intra-nuclear (Owl's Eye) inclusion bodies
116
HIV pt w/ Invasive aspergillosis Pathogen Findings
Aspergillus fumigatus | Pleuritic chest pain, Hemoptysis, Infiltrates on imaging
117
HIV pt w/ Pneumonia Pathogen CD4
Pneumocystis jirovecii | CD4 less than 200
118
HIV pt w/ TB-like disease Pathogen CD
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare | CD4 less than 50
119
Prions Pathology Qualities of the protein Presentation
Conversion of a normal cellular protein (termed prion protein PrPc) to a β-pleated form (PrPsc) which is transmissible PrPsc resists degradation and facilitates the conversion of still more PrPc to PrPsc Spongiform encephalopathy and dementia, ataxia, and death
120
Forms of Prion disease
Sporadic: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease --> rapidly progressive dementia Inherited: Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome Acquired: Kuru
121
Icosahedral RNA viruses
Reovirus and All +ssRNA viruses except Coronavirus
122
Helical RNA viruses
All -ssRNA viruses + Coronavirus
123
RNA viruses with circular genomes
"BAD" All are -ssRNA viruses Arenavirus, Bunyavirus, Delta virus

USMLE STEP 1 (25 decks)

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