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Micro ORganisms So far > Micro Viruses > Flashcards

Micro Viruses Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Parvovirus B19 (DNA Virus) (Parvovirus)

Morphology

Diseases

A

icosahedral no envelope ss linear

plastic anemia in sickle cell patients; “slapped cheeks” rash

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3
Q

Adenovirus (DNA Virus) (Adenovirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Virulence Factors

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

A

icosahedral no envelope ds linear

  • humans - contact with respiratory secretions/ droplets, GI secretions/ stool, or contaminated water
  • fiber proteins bind to specific cell types (CAR receptor)
  • E1A/B: affect cell cycle progression and hijack the normal growth resources for viral replication - E3: prevents MHCI transport to cell surface

1) bind to cells
2) invade cells
3) inhibit normal cell cycle progression and replicate within the cell
4) immune evasion
5) lysis releases virions

  • respiratory infection
  • conjunctivitis
  • gastroenteritis
  • serotypes determined by antibody to fiber protein
  • Cidofovir
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4
Q

HPV (DNA Virus) (Papovavirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Virulence Factors

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

A

icosahedral

no envelope

ds circular

  • human reservoir
  • STD
  • direct contact
  • vertical transmission
  • E1: viral replication
  • E2: transcriptase
  • E6: binds and degrades p53 tumor suppressor
  • E7: binds and phosphorylates Rb tumor suppressor; HPV 16/18 E7 has increased affinity for Rb - L1: binds to heparin sulfate proteoglycans, then to integrins - integration into the host genome can inactivate E1 or E2, resulting in up-regulation of E6 and E7 oncogenes

1) latent infection of basal keratinocytes 2) viral genes are expressed as cells move away from the basement membrane 3) progeny virus are only produced in the upper layer of the epithelium

  • skin warts (condyloma acuminatum)
  • genital warts
  • cervical cancer (associated with HPV 16 and 18)
  • PAP smear
  • FISH
  • PCR (serotype-specific)
  • Abreva (blocks viral entry)
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5
Q

BK (DNA Virus) (Papovavirus)

Morphology

Diseases

Treatment and Prevention

A

icosahedral no envelope ds circular

hemorrhagic cystitis, renal nephritis in transplant patients

Cidofovir

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6
Q

JC (DNA Virus) (Papovavirus)

Morphology Diseases Diagnosis

A

icosahedral no envelope ds circular

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in AIDS patients - caused by reactivation of JC virus

  • demyelinating disease of cerebral white matter
  • ataxia, aphasia, other neurologic deficits
  • head CT: multiple discrete, non-enhancing lesions
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7
Q

HSV-1/HSV-2 (DNA Virus) (Herpesvirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Virulence Factors

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

A

icosahedral envelope ds linear

  • reservoir: humans
  • STD or spread by direct contact
  • herpes galdiatorum is spread by skin-to-skin contact, including wrestling
  • spread in secretions and respiratory droplets - spread to mucosal surfaces or via skin abrasions - vertical transmission - HSV2 can cross the placenta
  • gC and gB: bind to HS through charge-charge interactions
  • gD: binds to HveA and HveC/nectin-1
  • gB, gD, and gH: membrane fusion - thymidine kinase (tk) & ribonucleotide reductase (RR):maintain nucleotide pool in neurons
  • UL41 (vhs): shuts off host protein synthesis
  • γ-34.5: prevents apoptosis of neurons
  • ICP0: transcriptional regulator that is less stable in neurons, and therefore doesn’t activate lytic genes as well
  • ICP47: interferes with TAP and prevents proteins from being loaded onto MHCI
  • gC: binds C3b - gE/gI: binds Fc portion of IgG -

1) lytic life cycle - attachment of receptors - membrane fusion - transcriptional cascade - DNA replication and assembly in nucleus - egress, which usually involves lysis (except in PNS) - lesion formation due to cytopathic effects and inflammation
2) latent infection of neurons - retrograde axonal transport to PNS - DNA persists as an extrachromosomal circular episome - absence of lytic gene proteins - expression of latency-associated transcript (LTA)
3) reactivation - stimuli including trauma or immunosuppression - virus re-enters lytic cycle - anterograde axonal spread from PNS to site of primary infection - asymptomatic virus shedding

  • oral/genital ulcers - can reactivate
  • herpes gladiatorum: lesions on face, head, and neck
  • herpes encephalitis
  • herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK): corneal opacity results from cell-mediated immune response to virus-infected corneal stromal cells due to frequent recurrences
  • neonates: infection of CNS, skin, eyes, and mouth
  • HSV-2 is more severe than HSV-1
  • Tzanck smear stain: multi-nucleated giant cells with inclusion bodies; low specificity
  • serologic tests: type-specific - PCR: type-specific; can determine viral load
  • culture can take up to a week
  • Acyclovir
  • Valacyclovir
  • Penciclovir for herpes labialis
  • Famciclovir
  • Foscarnet
  • C-section for pregnant women
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8
Q

Varicella zoster (VZV) (DNA Virus) (Herpesvirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Virulence Factors

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

A

icosahedral envelope ds linear

  • respiratory route - infectious 2 days before rash and 4-5 days after
  • establishes latency in sensory ganglia
  • disseminates so that multiple ganglia are infected

varicella/chicken pox - 14 day incubation

  • fever, headache, malaise
  • rash: - chicken pox - centripetal, lesions are not all the same stage, not on palms or roles, itchy herpes zoster/shingles - caused by reactivation of virus - lesions: clustered, dermatomal, can be very painful
  • Acyclovir - Valacyclovir - Famciclovir - Foscarnet
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9
Q

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (DNA Virus) (Herpesvirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Virulence Factors

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

A

icosahedral envelope ds linear

  • human reservoir - contact with saliva

infects B cells and nasopharyngeal cells via CD21 receptor

1) primary replication in pharyngeal epithelium or Tonsillar B cells
2) spread through blood
3) infects B cells and sets up latent infection in B cells
4) cytotoxic T cells recognize latent EBV antigens and eliminate most latently infected B cells; mono is due to dramatic T cell response
5) PTLD: lack of cytotoxic T cell recognition of EBV latent antigens in immunosuppressed hosts probably allows outgrowth of latently infected B cells

acute infection: - mono (fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, atypical lymphocytosis)

chronic infection: - nasopharyngeal cancer - lymphoma - PTLD (proliferation of immortalized B cells that can progress to lymphoma) HIV+ - hairy leukoplakia

Ganciclovir

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10
Q

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (DNA Virus) (Herpesvirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Virulence Factors

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

A

icosahedral envelope ds linear

  • can cross the placenta
  • degrades MHCII α chains and prevents invariant chain interactions with MHCII molecules - inhibits TAP, directs MHCI for degradation, inhibits export to plasma membrane, and down-regulates MCHI expression
  • infects and destroys T cells and macrophages
  • latent infections of monocytes
  • cytomegalic inclusion disease
  • infectious mononucleosis (mono)
  • AIDS retinitis
  • pneumonitis
  • colitis in transplant patients
  • can reactivate when immunocompromised
  • Ganciclovir -

Valganciclovir

  • Cidofovir
  • Foscarnet
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11
Q

Kaposi’s Sarcoma Virus (KSHV or HHV8) (DNA Virus) (Herpesvirus)

Morphology

Pathogenesis

Diseases

A

icosahedral envelope ds linear

  • associated with AIDS
  • focal, vascular nodules in skin or other organs
  • may be limited (cutaneous) or disseminated (GI tract & lungs)
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12
Q

Hepatitis B (DNA Virus) (Hepadnavirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Virulence Factors

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

A

icosahedral envelope incomplete ds circular

blood or semen; mother-to-child transmission

  • surface (S) antigen: binds to hepatocytes surface; may act as an immune decoy
  • core (C) antigen
  • polymerase (encoded by P gene)
  • X protein: transcriptional activator that may play a role in development of hepatocellular carcinoma
  • e antigen: secreted core-like protein
  • RT: required for replication because an RNA intermediate is made

1) bloodstream infection 2) surface antigen binds hepatocytes surface 2) viral replication w/o cytopathic effect 4) cytotoxic T cell responses injure liver 5) oncogenesis

hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma

  • S antigen: persistence after acute infection is diagnostic of chronic infection
  • e antigen: sign of ongoing replication; associated with infectivity
  • HBsAb: sterilizing antibody; indicates immunity to HBV; usually absent during chronic infection; present if vaccinated
  • HBcAb: comes up first; indicates previous or current infection; present during chronic infection
  • HBeAb: can be present or absent during chronic infection

chronic hepatitis:

  • Lamivudine
  • Entecavir
  • Emtricitabine
  • Telbivudine
  • Tenofovir
  • Adefovir
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13
Q

Variola (DNA Virus) (Poxvirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Treatment and Prevention

A

complex capsid envelope ds linear

  • human reservoir -

aerosols, infected people, fomites

  • inhalation, contact
  • contagious as long as rash is present -

1) infects upper respiratory tract 2

) spreads to regional lymph nodes and throughout body

smallpox: - incubation period of 12 days - high fever, severe malaise, exhaustion, headache, backache
- rash: centrifugal rash that is present on palms and doesn’t itch
- death can be caused by bleeding, cardiovascular collapse, or secondary infections -

  • eradicated
  • airborne and contact precautions
  • Cidofovir?
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14
Q

Norovirus (RNA Virus) (Calicivirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Diseases

A

icosahedral no envelope SS+

  • human reservoir
  • fecal-oral
  • contaminated food or water
  • airborne fomites -

vomiting and diarrhea 1-2 day incubation

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15
Q

Hepatitis E (RNA Virus) (Calicivirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Diseases

A

icosahedral no envelope SS +

  • fecal-oral

acute hepatitis

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16
Q

Hepatitis A (RNA Virus) (Picornavirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

A

icosahedral no envelope SS+

  • human reservoir - fecal-oral - contaminated food (shellfish) or water -

1) replicates in gut causing flu symptoms
2) spreads to liver if neutralizing antibodies are insufficient
2) damages liver via cytotoxic T cells -

  • 10-45 days incubation
  • fever & vomiting
  • acute hepatitis
  • detection of anti-HAV IgM
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17
Q

Rhinovirus (RNA Virus) (Picornavirus)

Morphology

Virulence Factors

Pathogenesis

Diseases

A

icosahedral no envelope SS+

  • antigenic drift
  • limited to epithelium because they prefer to replicate at 33C, and deeper tissue is warmer

common cold

18
Q

Poliovirus (RNA Virus) (Picornavirus) (Enterovirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Virulence Factors

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

A

icosahedral no envelope SS+

  • human reservoir
  • fecal-oral
  • contaminated food and water
  • binds to Pvr receptor on neurons - conformational change in VP1 and VP4 leads to fusion with endosome membrane and entry of virus into cytoplasm
  • 2A protein inhibits host protein synthesis
  • 2BC/3A proteins inhibit cytokine release
  • 3C protease inhibits host transcription
  • able to survive in acid environment of GI tract b/c no envelope

1) enters GI tract
2) replicates in mesenteric lymph nodes
3) spreads through bloodstream
4) infects liver & spleen
5) spreads to CNS

  • 5-10 days incubation for GI symptoms
  • 10% fever & GI symptoms
  • 1% CNS infection
  • 1/20,000 paralysis
  • rare post-polio syndrome
  • eradicated in America, Europe, and Australia
  • Pleconaril
19
Q

Rotavirus (RNA Virus) (Reovirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Virulence Factors

Pathogenesis

Diseases

A

icosahedral no envelope ds segmented

  • human reservoir
  • fecal-oral
  • contaminated water
  • can withstand stomach acidity because it is non-enveloped
  • NSP4 has enterotoxin-like properties

multiplies in intestinal mucosa

vomiting, diarrhea, fever; most common cause of infectious diarrhea in children 1-3 day incubation

20
Q

HTLV (RNA Virus) (Retrovirus)

Morphology

Virulence Factors

Diseases

A

icosahedral envelope SS+ -

  • Tax protein: trans-activation of c-myc gene

-human T-cell leukemia

21
Q

HIV (RNA Virus) (Retrovirus

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Virulence Factors

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

A

icosahedral envelope SS+

  • mother-to child transmission - sex - IV drugs - breastfeeding - blood transfusion - transplantation - accidental inoculations of healthcare workers -
  • p24 capsid - gp120: binds to CD4, undergoes a conformational change, and binds to CCR5 or CXCR4 - conformational change in gp41 occurs and virus enters the cell - TAT: protein that is produced early and increases transcription - REV: protein that is produced early and helps structural proteins move out of the nucleus - NEF: sequesters proteins in the trans-golgi network - reverse transcriptase (RT) - integrase - protease - antigenic drift due to inaccurate RT
  • HIV infects many cells, including CD4 cells, macrophages, and microglia - CD4 cells are killed by lysis of infected cells and triggering of apoptosis in uninfected cells - host response is vigorous but only partially effective in suppressing viral production - HIV mutates rapidly and escapes the immune response - chronic HIV infection is associated with persistent immune activation, which increases target cell availability - CD4 cell regeneration fails to keep pace with destruction, leading to progressive CD4 cell depletion, immunodeficiency, and death as a consequence of opportunistic infections and malignancies - latent form is found in T cells - T cell activation causes virus reactivation - HIV encephalopathy caused by HIV infection of macrophages, which causes white matter disease

acute infection (acute retroviral syndrome) - lasts 2-6 weeks - occurs in 50-70% of infected individuals - mono-like symptoms (sore throat, fevers, rash) clinical latency - usually lasts 8-10 years - constitutional symptoms near the end of the clinical latency period AIDS - opportunistic infections Death - occurs a median of 18 months after clinical AIDS is diagnosed HIV encephalopathy

HIV Infection - 2 ELISAs for anti-HIV-1 antibody and a confirmatory test (multi-spot ELISA or Western blot) - antibodies can be detected 3 weeks post-infection (according to lab PPT) - ELISA usually negative before 4-6 weeks of illness (according to syllabus) - prior to seroconversion, PCR for HIV-1 RNA is useful for diagnosis - qualitative PCR is used for diagnosing babies - quantitative PCR (qPCR) is useful for determining viral load AIDS - CD4 < 200 or occurrence of opportunistic disease

  • see drug chart
22
Q

Rubella (RNA Virus) (Togavirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Diseases

A

icosahedral envelope SS+

  • respiratory transmission
  • can cross the placenta
  • Rubella/German measles
  • 12-23 day incubation period
  • post-natal infection is usually mild; may be sub-clinical, or may have a rash that spreads down the body

congenital rubella -deafness, myopia, heart disease, mental retardation

  • premature delivery
  • fetal death
23
Q

Hepatitis C (RNA Virus) (Flavivirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Virulence Factors

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

A

icosahedral envelope SS+

blood or semen

  • high mutation rate due to lack of proofreading capability and high error rate of viral RNA polymerase
  • protease blocks immune activation of infected cell

hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma

  • IFN-α + Ribavirin - can also use Telaprevir Bocepravir
24
Q

West Nile (RNA Virus) (Flavivirus)

Morphology T

ransmission and Reservoir

Diseases

A

icosahedral envelope SS+

  • birds
  • mosquito bites

encephalitis

25
Q

Dengue (RNA Virus) (Flavivirus)

Morphology

Diseases

A

icosahedral envelope SS+

rash, joint pain, Dengue hemorrhagic fever

  • 2-21 day incubation
26
Q

Yellow Fever (RNA Virus) (Flavivirus)

Morphology

Pathogenesis

Diseases

A

icosahedral envelope SS+

  • South America and Africa, 15 degrees on either side of the equator
  • jaundice - 20-50% fatality
27
Q

Japanese encephalitis (Flavivirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

A

icosahedral envelope SS+

  • Southeast Asia; rural areas
  • 20% fatality
28
Q

Human Coronavirus (Coronavirus) (RNA Virus

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Diseases

A

helical envelope SS+

  • SARS reservoir in civet cats & fruit bats
  • respiratory transmission, including fomites

common cold

SARS

29
Q

Rabies (RNA Virus) (Rhabdovirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Virulence Factors

Pathogenesis

Diseases

A

helical / bullet-shaped envelope SS-

  • reservoirs: skunks, raccoons, foxes, bats, dogs, cats
  • animal bite

targets AChR

1) animal bite allows rabies virus access to muscle cells
2) spreads to peripheral nerve cells
3) reaches CNS
4) migrates down peripheral nerves to other organs, including salivary glands

rabies

1) incubation period of up to 12 months
2) abnormal sensation at the bite site
3) confusion, lethargy, paresis, increased salivation, aggression, hydrophobia
4) seizures, paralysis, coma
5) death from cardiac and respiratory failure, encephalitis, autonomic dysfunction, and vasospasm

30
Q

Ebola (RNA Virus) (Filovirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

A

helical envelope SS-

  • reservoir: bats - contact with blood and body fluids; exposure to reservoir
  • Africa

vascular damage

hemorrhagic fever

  • fever, severe illness, petechiae, unexplained bleeding -
  • contact and airborne precautions
31
Q

Marburg virus (RNA Virus) (Filovirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

A

helical envelope SS-

  • reservoir: bats - contact with blood and body fluids; exposure to reservoir
  • Africa

vascular damage

hemorrhagic fever - fever, severe illness, petechiae, unexplained bleeding -

  • contact and airborne precautions
32
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RNA Virus) (Paramyxovirus)

Morphology

Diseases

Treatment and Prevention

A

helical envelope SS-

respiratory disease in children

  • Ribavirin - Pavilizumab
33
Q

Mumps (RNA Virus) (Paramyxovirus

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Diseases

A

helical envelope SS-

  • respiratory transmission

mumps - fever, malaise, headache, involvement of parotid and salivary glands complications

  • meningitis epididymo-orchitis
34
Q

Parainfluenza (RNA Virus) (Paramyxovirus)

Morphology

Diseases

A

helical envelope SS-

respiratory disease

35
Q

Rubeola (RNA Virus) (Paramyxovirus

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Virulence Factors

Pathogenesis

Diseases

A

helical envelope SS-

  • respiratory transmission - most contagious infection
  • hemagglutinins and F (fusin) protein are important membrane glycoproteins -

measles

  • incubation period 10-14 days
  • malaise, fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis
  • Koplik spots (bluish gray specks on a red base inside the mouth)
  • rash: begins on face, proceeds down body, and reaches extremities last; usually lasts 5 days - entire illness lasts 7-10 days

complications

  • secondary bacterial infections of respiratory tract
  • pneumonia can lead to death in babies
  • encephalitis can lead to death in older children
  • long-term immunosuppression
36
Q

Metapneumovirus (RNA Virus) (Paramyxovirus)

Morphology

Diseases

Diagnosis

A

helical envelope SS-

pneumonia in children

  • discovered by fishing with PCR primers
37
Q

Hantavirus (RNA Virus) (Bunyavirus) M

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Virulence Factors

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

A

helical envelope SS- segmented

  • reservoir: deer mice - inhaling infectious materials (urine, saliva, and feces of infected rodents)
  • 2 envelope glycoproteins determine the host range
  • resistance to dehydration

1) invades respiratory tract and replicates
2) spreads through the blood to heart, gut, liver, kidney, and CNS

  • most experience asymptomatic infection with lasting immunity
  • common symptoms: headache, malaise, myalgias, vomiting, diarrhea, cramping
  • hemorrhagic fever
  • hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome -

hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) - lung infiltration

38
Q

Lassa fever (RNA Virus) (Arenavirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

A

helical envelope SS- segmented

  • reservoir: rodents
  • contact with blood and body fluids; exposure to reservoir
  • Africa

vascular damage

hemorrhagic fever

  • fever, severe illness, petechiae, unexplained bleeding -
  • contact and airborne precautions
  • Ribavirin
39
Q

Influenza A/B (RNA Virus) (Orthomyxovirus) (H5, H7, and H9 associated with avian flu) (H5N1 is a type of avian flu that can infect humans)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Virulence Factors

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

A

helical envelope SS- segmented

  • avian flu reservoir: birds
  • respiratory droplet inhalation
  • Hemagglutinin (HA): binds to carbohydrates on host cells; cleaved to HA2, which allows release of viral RNA inside of cell - Neuraminidase (NA): release of new viral particles (necessary for infection of new cells)
  • antigenic drift due to poor fidelity of RNA transcription - antigenic shift due to reassortment of RNA segments when two strains infect a cell
  • infects respiratory epithelium and causes death of cells - restricted to epithelium because it only buds from the apical surface of epithelial cells

influenza - fever - chills - headache - myalgias - malaise - anorexia - respiratory symptoms (cough) complications - viral (primary) pneumonia - bacterial (secondary) pneumonia - croup - exacerbation of asthma or bronchitis - incubation: 1-2 days

Influenza A only - Amantadine - Rimantadine Influenza A & B - Oseltamivir - Zanamivir

40
Q

Hepatitis D (RNA Virus) (Deltavirus)

Morphology

Transmission and Reservoir

Virulence Factors

Pathogenesis

Diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

A

icosahedral HBV envelope SS- circular

blood

  • HBsAg forms envelope
  • Delta antigen forms core
  • co-infection with hepatitis B required; exacerbates pre-existing chronic hepatitis B infection
  • direct cytopathic effect (unlike HBV)

acute and chronic hepatitis; liver cirrhosis; hepatocellular carcinoma

  • serology for antibody to delta antigen
  • HBV vaccine works for HDV

Micro ORganisms So far (3 decks)

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