Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Micro test 1 > Micro test 1 > Flashcards

Micro test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Semmelweis

A

Instituted handwashing procedure at birthing center to reduce inidences of puerpetual fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ehrlich

A

Developed chemicals to fight pathogens, trypanosomes and treponema pallidum. founded chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Redi

A

Used corked and screened jars to provide evidence against spontaneous generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Snow

A

Mapped Cholera outbreaks in London to find broad street pump to be the cause. Father of epidemiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pasteur

A

Used swan necked flasks to perform experiments into spontaneous generation and fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

Made his own microscopes to view and describe algae,protozoans, and bacteria for the first time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Jenner

A

Inoculated small boy with coxpox then exposed smallpox to show that boy was immune to smallpox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

streptococcus

A

round bacteria arranged into chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

staphylococcus

A

round bacteria arranged into clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

spirillum

A

stiff spirals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

streptobacillus

A

rod bacteria arranged into chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

diplobacillus

A

rod bacteria arranged into pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

vibrio

A

slightly curved rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List the 5 characteristics discussed in class that are used to classify, identify and determine phylogenetic relationship between bacteria.

A

1) Physical Characteristics 2) Biochemical tests
3) Serological tests
4) Phage typing
5) Analysis of nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List the three methods of asexual reproduction that bacteria use to reproduction.

A

1) Binary fission (most common) 2) Snapping division

3) Reproductive formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an endospore? Name the two genera that can make endospores.

A

A spore formed within a cell of a rod shaped organism. Two genera that can make endospores are Bacillus anthracis and Clostridium botulinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which of the following components can be found in or on eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus, nucleolus, chromosome, cytoplasm, cell wall, phospholipid cell membrane, cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

These are NOT found in eukaryotic cells

A

nucleoid, pili, fimbriae, capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which of the following components can be found in or on prokaryotic cells?

A

nucleoid, chromosome, cytoplasm, pili, fimbriae, cell wall, capsule, phospholipid cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The following are NOT found in prokaryotic cells

A

nucleus, nucleolus, cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nucleus

A

command center of eukarayotic cells that contains genetic material (DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Internal membrane where lipid synthesis occurs. Does NOT contain ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

nucleoid

A

Dense region where circular chromosome is found in Prokarayotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

mitochondria

A

site of cellular respiration in eukarayotes where most ATP is made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
System of flat internal membranes covered in ribosomes. Involved in protein synthesis
26
ribosome
Small macromolecular complex composed of protein and RNA that makes proteins
27
cell wall
Rigid structure that maintains shape of cell. Consists of peptidoglycan, cellulose, or chitin
28
golgi complex
Organelle that packages lipids and proteins into vesicles for transport out of cell
29
plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer that regulates the entry of substances into the cell
30
lysosome
organelle that contains enzymes to digest food and damaged cell parts
31
What is the function of the glycocalyx? What are the two forms of glycocalyx found in bacteria and what is a function of each?
The functions of the glycocalyx are: Strengthens cell surface, helps anchor animal cells to each other, provides protection against dehydration, and functions in cell to cell recognition and communication. Two forms of glycocalyx found in bacteria are: the capsule and slime layer. The capsule functions to prevent bacteria from being recognized and phagocytosed by host and protects from dehydration. The slime layer also protects from dehydration and allows prokaryotes to to attach to surface.
32
A gram positive cell wall is characterized by the following?
Thick peptidoglycan layer, Teichoic acid, Lipoteichoic acid, Purple color after gram stain
33
A gram positive cell wall DOES NOT have the following
Outer membrane, | Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Periplasmic space
34
A gram negative cell wall has which of the following?
Outer membrane, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Periplasmic space
35
A gram negative cell wall DOES NOT have the following
Thick peptidoglycan layer, Teichoic acid, | Lipoteichoic acid, Purple color after gram stain
36
List and Describe the four arrangements of bacterial flagella discussed in class
The four arrangements of bacterial flagella are: 1) Monotrichous- (Has one flagellum) 2) Lophotrichous- (Small bunches arising from one end) 3) Amphitrichous- (Flagella at both ends) 4) Peritrichous- (Dispersed around surface)
37
The location on an enzyme where the substrate binds is called the
active site or | catalytic site
38
________are inorganic ions that bind to the enzyme and are necessary for enzyme function.
cofactor
39
The protein portion of a holoenzyme is called the
apoenzyme
40
A molecule that binds to a site other than the active site and reduces enzyme function is called a(n)
allosteric inhibitor
41
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the_____________
activation energy
42
Study slide with degerming on it, but might not be on test
might on be on test, check notes
43
Glycolysis
Glucose goes in-> Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH come out.
44
Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA
Pyruvic acid goes in-> Acytyl-CoA, CO2, and NADH come out.
45
Krebs cycle
Acetyl CoA, NAD+,FAD, ADP, Pi go in-> CO2, NADH, FADH, CoA-SH, and ATP come out.
46
The microbial formation of alcohol from sugar is known as
fermentation
47
Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE:
fungi are photosynthetic. (in other words fungi are NOT photosynthetic
48
fungi are:
eukarayotes
49
All of the following individuals were involved in the improvement of public health in the 19th century EXCEPT:
Spallanzani
50
Put the following taxonomic groupings in order, from most specific (groups containing small numbers) to least specific (groups containing large numbers):
species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom
51
Endospores are produced when what are scarce?
nutrients
52
Which of the following is classified as a membranous organelle of eukaryotic cells?
endoplasmic reticulum
53
Which of the following statements about prokaryote glycocalyces are FALSE?
A capsule is a type of glycocalyx that is loosely attached to cell surface
54
Long hair like appendages that prokaryotes use like propellers to move are called
flagella
55
Which of the following statements best differentiates eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have multiple cellular compartments while prokaryotic cells have a single cellular compartment.
56
Which of the following statements concerning the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is FALSE:
The ER functions primarily as a transport system within the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.
57
Which of the following is a true statement concerning the structure and function of enzymes?
After an enzyme has catalyzed a reaction, it resumes its original shape and can interact with a new substrate molecule.
58
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning reduction reactions?
An electron acceptor becomes more positively charged.
59
Which of the following statements is true concerning glycolysis?
It both requires the input of ATP and produces ATP.
60
As a result of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs cycle, only a small portion of the energy of glucose has been converted to ATP. At this point (after Krebs is completed), the majority of the usable energy is contained in:
Reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH2
61
Acetyl CoA is
an intermediate molecule during the set of reactions that completely metabolized glucose to carbon dioxide.
62
Krebs cycle:
includes oxidation reductions reactions
63
In the final stage of the oxidation of food molecules, a gradient of protons is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is normally impermeable to protons. If cells were exposed to an agent that causes the membrane to become freely permeable to protons, which of the following effects would you expect to observe?
ATP synthase would not be able to make ATP
64
A microbiologist inoculates a growth medium with 100 bacterial cells/ml. If the generation time of the species is 1 hour, how long will it be before the culture contains more than 10,000 cells/ml?
7 hours
65
Hooke
Coined the term cell
66
Carolus Linnaeus
created taxonomic system
67
Leeuwenhoek’s microorganisms grouped into six categories:
``` Fungi Protozoa Algae Bacteria Archaea Small animals ```
68
Protozoa
Single-celled eukaryotes Similar to animals in their nutritional needs and cellular structure Typically live freely in water; some live inside animal hosts Most reproduce asexually; some reproduce sexually Most are capable of locomotion by Pseudopodia – cell extensions that flow in direction of travel Cilia – numerous, short, hairlike protrusions that propel organisms through environment Flagella – extensions of a cell that are fewer, longer, and more whiplike than cilia
69
Koch’s other contributions to Micro.
``` Simple staining techniques First photomicrograph of bacteria First photomicrograph of bacteria in diseased tissue Techniques for estimating CFU/ml Use of steam to sterilize media Use of Petri dishes Aseptic techniques Bacteria as distinct species ```
70
Lister also:
created antiseptic technique Surgeon who saw wound infections after surgery. Used phenol as antiseptic (wounds, incision, dressings)
71
Nightingale and nursing
Cleaned rooms; cleaned patient’s clothes | Founded 1st nursing school
72
Fleming discovered
penicillin
73
Linnaeus
``` Linnaeus provided system that standardized the naming and classification of organisms based on characteristics they have in common Grouped similar organisms that can successfully interbreed into categories called species Binomial nomenclature (Genus species) Kingdom>Phylum>Class>Order>Family>Genus>Species. Human Taxonomy. ```
74
anabolic rx are
synthetic; consume more energy than they produce; require ATP
75
catabolic rx are
degradative; produce more energy than they consume
76
Cells phosphorylate ADP to ATP in three ways
Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Photophosphorylation
77
Noncompetitive inhibitors
Bind to allosteric (regulatory) site.
78
Glucose catabolized by
Cellular respiration : Utilizes glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain; results in complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water Fermentation : Utilizes glycolysis then converts pyruvic acid into another compound (organic waste products)
79
Three stages of cellular respiration
Synthesis of acetyl-CoA Krebs cycle Final series of redox reactions (electron transport chain)
80
Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA
``` Two molecules of pyruvic acid from glycolysis Results in: Two molecules of acetyl-CoA Two molecules of CO2 Two molecules of NADH ```
81
Krebs cycle occurs in cytoplasm of:
prokarayotes
82
krebs cycle results in
``` Results in: Two ATP Two FADH2 Six NADH Four CO2 ```
83
Most ATP is generated by membrane based processes that has three stages:
Stage one – electron transport High energy electrons from FADH2 and NADH are used to start electron transport chain Stage two – proton pumping As electrons flow through ETC protons are pumped across cell membrane to outside of cell. Stage three – ATP synthesis Harness electrochemical gradient establish by proton pumping Protons flow down electrochemical gradient through ATPase. This is known as oxidative phosphorylation.
84
Oxidative Phosphorylation energy yield is
3 ATP for each pair of electrons from NADH. | 2 ATP for each pair of electrons from FADH2.

Micro test 1 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions