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Block 5 - Pulm and Skeletal > Micro - Pharyngitis, otitis, epiglottitis, sinusitis > Flashcards

Micro - Pharyngitis, otitis, epiglottitis, sinusitis Flashcards

0
Q

What is the microbiology of corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

Aerobic, non motile, non spore forming, non encapsulated, gram positive rod with clubbed ends
Grows on loeffler’s medium or medium with potassium tellurite

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1
Q

What are the most common causes of pharyngitis?

A

Young children and adults most commonly viral

Older children usually strep pyogenes (group a), viruses, mycoplasma pneumoniae

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2
Q

How is corynebacterium diphtheriae transmitted?

A

From patient or asymptomatic carrier through nasopharyngeal secretions or skin lesions

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3
Q

What is a pseudo membrane produced by corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

Induced by diphtheria toxin and is dirty grey colored leathery membrane covering tonsils and may extend to larynx
Should NOT be removed because of risks

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4
Q

What is bull neck?

A

Extensive pseudo membrane from corynebacterium diphtheriae involvement of pharynx associated with cervical adenopathy and severe neck swelling
Accompanying upper airway obstruction

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5
Q

What is the virulence factor of corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

Potent exotoxin
Can act locally to produce pseudo membrane or systemically to affect heart or peripheral nerves (effects depend on how much toxin absorbed)
Phage encoded AB toxin - tox gene is necessary and sufficient or disease
B interacts with receptor and A ADP ribosylates EF2 which blocks protein synthesis - one A sufficient to inactivate all EF2 in cell

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6
Q

How can one be immunized against diphtheria?

A

Antitoxin can treat along with antibiotics

DTaP vaccine - toxoid for diphtheria toxin and tetanus toxin with acellular pertussis components

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7
Q

How can strep be distinguished from other gram positive bacteria?

A

They do not have catalase - cant break down hydrogen peroxide and have negative reaction

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8
Q

What are the three different kinds of hemolysis by strep?

A

Alpha - colony surrounded by partial zone of clearing with green coloring, incomplete hemolysis (s. pneumoniae, viridans strep comprising normal oral flora)
Beta - surrounded by clear zone, complete hemolysis (s pyogenes)
Gamma or non - no hemolysis (enterococcus)

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9
Q

What are the lancefield groups?

A

Further classify beta hemolytic strep based on group specific carbohydrates

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10
Q

How can group a beta hemolytic strep (GABHS) be differentiated from other beta hemolytic strep?

A

Sensitive to bacitracin

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11
Q

How can GABHS (s. pyogenes) be further classified?

A

By m protein - cell attachment molecule
Virulence factor that correlates with certain diseases
Antibodies to m protein are protective - humoral immunity is type specific against certain strains only

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12
Q

What are the major virulence factors of s. pyogenes?

A

Adherence factors - m protein, ECM binding proteins (fibronectin), capsule
Invasion and spread
Toxicity - super antigens, exotoxins
Immune evasion - Ig binding protein, m protein, capsule, c5a peptidase

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13
Q

How is s. pyogenes transmitted?

A

Air - respiratory droplet
Food - prepared by person with open lesion
Hands
Rare transmission from fomites - bedding, clothing, etc
Most common is direct contact with saliva or nasal discharge from infected person

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14
Q

How does host immunity to GABHS work?

A

Antibodies against m protein, streptolysin o, or DNAase

Primarily opsonophagocytosis by neutrophils or PMNs

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15
Q

How is GABHS diagnosed?

A

Culture - aerobic growth, takes 1-2 days
Serology - anti streptolysin o or anti DNAase, minimum few days
Antigen detection - rapid detection of group a antigen directly from swab, minutes

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16
Q

Which types of strep infections cause which delayed sequelae?

A

Throat infection can cause either rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Skin inf only causes glomerulonephritis

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17
Q

What are the suppurative vs. the toxin mediated diseases caused by strep?

A

Suppurative - pharynx, skin or soft tissue infection, other sites
Toxin mediated - scarlet fever, streptococcal TSS

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18
Q

What is the epidemiology of tonsillopharyngitis?

A

Children 5-15 yrs
Asymptomatic carriage can happen
Incubation 2-4 days

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19
Q

What are some key clinical features of strep?

A

Tonsil liar exudate
Soft palate petechiae
Can be distinguished from viruses by virus also having conjunctivitis, hoarseness, runny nose

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20
Q

How is strep treated?

A

Make sure treat only bacterial, not viral
IV penicillin if severe
I’m benzathine penicillin, one shot
Oral penicillin or amoxil for ten days
Oral macrolide or cephalosporin if allergy to penicillin

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21
Q

What are the general features of scarlet fever?

A

From organism that secretes SPE - encoded by lysogenic prophages = superantigens
mostly with pharyngitis but can happen with skin inf

22
Q

What are the clinical feature of scarlet fever?

A

High fever and headaches
Sandpaper rash on upper trunk then spreads - palms, sole, and face spared and mouth has circumoral pallor, maculopular and blanches to touch
Pastia’s lines - red lines in fold of skin around elbows, underarms, stomach and neck
Strawberry tongue progressing to raspberry tongue
May have desquamation of hands and feet

23
Q

What are the three feature delayed sequelae have in common?

A

Evidence of preceding GABHS inf
Incubation of 7-21 days (1-5 weeks following inf)
No GABHS in damaged tissues

24
Q

What is the pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever (ARF)?

A

5-15 yr olds
Toxins - streptolysin o, SPE, and others cause direc injury
Cross reactive antibodies

25
Q

What are the jones criteria for diagnosing ARF?

A

Major - carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, erythema marginatum on trunk or proximal extremities, subcutaneous nodules
Minor - clinical or lab evidence
2 major or 1 major and 2 minor with evidence of preceding GABHS inf

26
Q

How can ARF be prevented?

A

Penicillin treatment of strep pharyngitis within 9 days
At least 10 days of therapy
For recurrent attacks - daily oral penicillin or monthly IM penicillin, prophylaxis at least 5-10 yrs or longer

27
Q

What is the epidemiology and general clinical features of APSGN?

A

All ages, usually children
Repeat attacks rare
Clinical - dark urine, headache, back pain, edema, hypertension

28
Q

What is the theory of pathogenesis of APSGN?

A

Immune complexes of strep antigen and host antibody within glomerulus
Or
Anti strep antibodies directly cause injury

29
Q

What is the treatment, outcome, and prevention of APSGN?

A

Supportive treatment
Usually resolves without damage
Occasionally permanent damage
penicillin not shown to prevent

30
Q

What is acute otitis media?

A

Acute middle ear infection

Bulging TM

31
Q

What is otitis media with effusion (OME)?

A

Fluid in middle ear without signs or symptoms of AOM
Does NOT require antibiotics
TM is neutral or retracted

32
Q

What is middle ear effusion (MEE)?

A

Fluid in middle ear - can be infected or not (AOM or OME)

33
Q

How does AOM develop?

A

Viral URI –> Eustachian tube dysfunction –> OME –> normalize or AOM –> OME –> normalize

34
Q

What is a possible complication of AOM?

A

TM can rupture and pus will leak out

35
Q

What populations are AOM attacks most prevalent in?

A

Children younger than 2

Children attending daycare

36
Q

What does diagnosis of AOM require?

A

History of acute onset of signs and symptoms
Presence of MEE
Signs and symptoms of middle ear inflammation
But really focus on appearance of TM

37
Q

What are signs and symptoms of AOM?

A

Abrupt onset of symptoms
MEE has bulging TM with no mobility, air fluid level behind TM
Erythema of TM, distinct otalgia

38
Q

What are the three bacterial pathogens responsible for most AOM (and bacterial sinusitis) and what are the chances each will resolve without antibiotics?

A

Strep pneumonia - 19%
H. Influenza - 48%
Moraxella catarrhalis (gram neg diplo) - 75%

39
Q

What are the basics of the pneumococcus and its involvement in AOM?

A

Capsule protects from phagocytosis and is important virulence factor - different serotypes based on capsule
Serotype specific anti capsule antibodies protect against specific strains
Spleen principal organ that clears from blood
Can asymptomatically colonize but become symptomatic when clearance mechanisms are disrupted

40
Q

What are the basics of h. Influenza and its involvement in AOM?

A

Gram neg coccobacilli
Not encapsulated - AOM, sinusitis, chronic bronchitis
Encapsulated, type b - meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, cellulitis - protection from type b antibodies
Encapsulated type a, c-e - rarely cause disease

41
Q

Why is simple observation recommended for some children with AOM rather than treatment?

A

Often mild and self limited
Low incidence of complications with good follow up
Could reduce antibiotic use - but start if symptoms persist or worsen

42
Q

What affects spontaneous resolution of AOM?

A

Age dependent - greater in older children
Result of immune responses
Result of drainage via Eustachian tube
Which bacteria is responsible

43
Q

What kinds of antibiotics are used to treat AOM?

A

Amoxil
Cephalosporins in penicillin allergic
H. Flu can produce bea lactamase

44
Q

How can AOM be prevented?

A

Flu vaccine

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for infants - more has become due to h. Flu since this started

45
Q

What is acute bacterial sinusitis?

A

Often preceded by viral URI
Mostly rhinovirus but also others
Anything leading to inflammation of nose and sinuses can predispose

46
Q

How can we distinguish between viral URI and bacterial sinusitis to only give antibiotics for the latter?

A

Acute bacterial sinusitis has:
Onset with persistent symptoms lasting for more than 10 days with no improvement
Onset with severe symptoms, high fever, nasal discharge or facial pain for 3-4 days at beginning
Onset with worsening symptoms that last 5-6 days and were initially improving (doublesickening)

47
Q

What are risks for antibiotic resistance in bacterial sinusitis?

A 
Less than 2 or more than 65 YO, daycare
Prior antibiotics within last month
Prior hospitalization past 5 days
Comorbidities
Immunocompromised
48
Q

What are complications of sinusitis?

A

Periorbital cellulitis
Potts puffy tumor (subperiosteal abscess and osteomyelitis of frontal bone)
Certain factors can predispose to chronic sinusitis

49
Q

What is epiglottitis?

A

Cellulitis of epiglottis and adjacent structures

Can cause airway obstruction - medical emergency!

50
Q

What population does epiglottitis occur in?

A

Kids between 2-6

Can happen in adults rarely

51
Q

What bacteria classically causes epiglottitis?

A

H. Flu type b

Incidence has decreased since vaccine

52
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of epiglottitis?

A 
Drooling
Sore throat
Difficulty swallowing or breathing (patient sits upright and forward)
Stridorous breathing
Hoarseness
Fever
53
Q

What is the treatment for epiglottitis?

A

Often intubated esp children - admit to ICU

Antibiotics to treat infection

Block 5 - Pulm and Skeletal (19 decks)

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