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MICROPARA [LEC] > Micro- organisms and Microbiology > Flashcards

Micro- organisms and Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

are excellent models for understanding cellular processes in unicellular and multicellular organisms

A

Microbes

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2
Q

play important roles in medicine, agriculture, and industry

A

Microbes

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3
Q
  • Oldest form of life
  • Largest mass of living material on Earth
  • Carry out major processes for biogeochemical cycles
  • Can live in places unsuitable for other organisms
  • Other life forms require microbes to survive
A

microorganisms

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4
Q

A dynamic entity that forms the fundamental unit of life

A

Cells

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5
Q

Elements of microbial structure

Barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

A

Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane

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6
Q

Elements of microbial structure

Aqueous mixture of macromolecules, ions, and ribosome

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Elements of microbial structure

Protein-synthesizing structures

A

Ribosomes

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8
Q

Elements of microbial structure

Present in most microbes; confers structural strength

A

Cell wall

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9
Q
  • No membrane-enclosed organelles, no nucleus
  • Generally smaller than eukaryotic cells
A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q
  • DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus
  • Cells are generally larger and more complex
  • Contain organelles
A

Eukaryotes

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11
Q
  • A cell’s full complement of genes
A

Genome

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12
Q

____________ is linear and found within the nucleus.

  • Associated with proteins that help in folding of the DNA
  • Usually more than one chromosome
  • Typically two copies of each chromosome
  • During cell division, nucleus divides by mitosis
  • During sexual reproduction, the genome is halved by
    meiosis
A

Eukaryotic DNA

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13
Q

Prokaryotic cells generally have a single, circular DNA molecule called a __________.

A

chromosome

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14
Q

DNA aggregates to form __________.

A

nucleoid region

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15
Q

Prokaryotes also may have small amounts of extrachromosomal DNA called __________ that confer special properties (e.g., antibiotic resistance)

A

Plasmids

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16
Q
  • 4.64 million base pairs
  • 4,300 genes
A

Escherichia coli genome

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17
Q
  • 1,000✕ more DNA per cell than E. coli
  • 7✕ more genes than E. coli
A

Human cell

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18
Q

Characteristics of living cells

chemical transformation of nutrients

A

Metabolism

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19
Q

Characteristics of living cells

generation of two cells from one

A

Reproduction

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20
Q

Characteristics of living cells

synthesis of new substances or structures
that modify the cell (only in some microbes)

A

Differentiation

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21
Q

Characteristics of living cells

generation of, and response to, chemical
signals (only in some microbes)

A

Communication

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22
Q

Characteristics of living cells

via self-propulsion, many forms in microbes

A

Movement

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23
Q

Characteristics of living cells

genetic changes in cells that are transferred to
offspring

A

Evolution

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24
Q

Properties of all cells:

A

Metabolism
Growth
Evolution

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25
Q

Properties of some cells:

A

Differentiation
Communication
Genetic exchange
Motility

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26
Q

__________ carry out chemical reactions

A

Cells

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27
Q

protein catalysts of the cell that accelerate
chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

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28
Q

__________ store and process information that is eventually passed on to offspring during reproduction through DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) and evolution

A

Cells

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29
Q

DNA produces RNA

A

Transcription

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30
Q

RNA makes protein

A

Translation

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31
Q

The link between cells as machines and cells as coding devices

A

Growth

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32
Q

common ancestral cell from which all cells descended

A

Last universal common ancestor (LUCA)

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33
Q

Earth is __________ billion years old

A

4.6 billion

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34
Q

First cells appeared between __________ billion years ago

A

3.8 and 3.9 billion

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35
Q

The atmosphere was anoxic until

A

2 billion years ago

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36
Q

Metabolisms were exclusively anaerobic until evolution of __________.

A

oxygen-producing phototrophs

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37
Q

Life was exclusively microbial until

A

1 billion years ago

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38
Q

The process of change over time that results in new varieties and species of organisms

A

Evolution

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39
Q
  • Evolutionary relationships between organisms
  • Relationships can be deduced by comparing genetic information in the different specimens.
A

Phylogeny

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40
Q

_________ is excellent for determining
phylogeny

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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41
Q

Relationships visualized on a_________.

A

phylogenetic tree

42
Q

Comparative rRNA sequencing has defined three distinct lineages of cells called _________.

A
  • Bacteria (prokaryotic)
  • Archaea (prokaryotic)
  • Eukarya (eukaryotic)
43
Q

_________ and _________ are NOT closely related.

A

Archaea and Bacteria

44
Q

_________ are more closely related to Eukarya than Bacteria.

A

Archaea

45
Q

_________ were the ancestors of multicellular organisms.

A

Eukaryotic microorganisms

46
Q

From the last universal common ancestor (LUCA), evolution proceeded to form two domains:

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
47
Q

Archaea later diverged to form two domains:

A
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
48
Q

Microorganisms exist in nature in populations of interacting
assemblages called _________.

A

microbial communities

49
Q

refers to all living organisms plus physical and chemical constituents of their environment

A

Ecosystem

50
Q

The environment in which a microbial population lives is its_________

A

habitat

51
Q

is the study of microbes in their natural
environment

A

Microbial ecology

52
Q

Microorganisms differ in:

A

size, shape, motility,
physiology, pathogenicity

53
Q

Diversity and abundances of microbes are
controlled by _________ and _________.

A

resources (nutrients) and
environmental conditions (e.g., temp, pH, O2)

54
Q

The activities of microbial communities can affect the _________ and _________ properties of their habitats

A

Physical and Chemical

55
Q

Ecosystems are greatly influenced (if not controlled) by _________.

A

microbial activities

56
Q

_________ are Bacteria and Archaea that can grow in extremely harsh environments.

A

Extremophiles

57
Q

The extent of microbial life

A

Global estimate is 5 ✕ 10^30 cells

58
Q

Most microbial cells are found in_________ and _________.

A

oceanic and terrestrial
subsurfaces

59
Q

Microorganisms can be both _________ and _________ to humans

A

beneficial and harmful

60
Q

Control of infectious disease during last century

A

Microorganisms as disease agents

61
Q

First 3 causes of death in 1900’s

A

Influenza and Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Gastroenteritis

62
Q

First 3 causes of death in 2000’s

A

Heart Disease
Cancer
stroke

63
Q

Microorganisms and agriculture
* Many aspects of agriculture depend on microbial activities

  • Positive impacts
A
  • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
  • Cellulose-degrading microbes in the rumen
  • Regeneration of nutrients in soil and water
64
Q

Microorganisms and agriculture
* Many aspects of agriculture depend on microbial activities

  • Negative impacts
A
  • Diseases in plants and animals
65
Q

Microorganisms and the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract

  • High numbers of microorganisms occur in _________ and _________.
A

Colon and Oral Cavity

66
Q

Microorganisms and the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract
* High numbers of microorganisms occur in colon and oral cavity

  • Positive impacts
A
  • Synthesize vitamins and other nutrients
  • Compete with pathogens for space and resources
67
Q

Microorganisms and food

  • Negative impacts
A
  • Microorganisms can cause food spoilage; for many foods, methods of preservation are needed
68
Q

Microorganisms and food

  • Positive impacts
A
  • Microbial transformations (typically fermentations) yield
  • Dairy products (e.g., cheeses, yogurt, buttermilk)
  • Other food products (e.g., sauerkraut, pickles, leavened breads, beer)
69
Q

Microorganisms, energy, and the environment

  • The role of microbes in production of __________.

For example, methane, ethanol, hydrogen

A

Biofuels

70
Q

The role of microbes in cleaning up pollutants

A

bioremediation

71
Q

Was the first to describe microbes

  • Illustrated the fruiting structures of molds.
A

Robert Hooke (1635–1703)

72
Q

Microbiology began with the __________.

A

microscope

73
Q

the first to describe bacteria

  • Further progress required development of more powerful microscopes
A

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)

74
Q

founded the field of bacterial
classification and discovered bacterial endospores.

A

Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898)

75
Q
  • Discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical isomers
  • Discovered that alcoholic fermentation was a biologically mediated process (originally thought to be purely
    chemical)
  • Disproved theory of spontaneous generation
  • Led to the development of methods for controlling the growth of microorganisms (aseptic technique)
  • Developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies
A

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

76
Q
  • Demonstrated the link between microbes and infectious diseases
  • Identified causative agents of anthrax and tuberculosis
  • Koch’s postulates
  • Developed techniques (solid media) for obtaining pure cultures of microbes, some still in existence today
  • Awarded Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1905
A

Robert Koch (1843–1910)

77
Q

masses of cells (called __________) have
different shapes, colors, and sizes

A

Colonies

78
Q
  • Discovered that using solid media provided a simple way to obtain pure cultures
  • Observed that masses of cells (called colonies) have different shapes, colors, and sizes
  • Began with potato slices, but eventually devised a uniform and reproducible nutrient solutions solidified with gelatin
    and agar
A

Robert Koch (1843–1910)

79
Q

usage of __________ provided a simple way to obtain pure cultures

A

Solid Media

80
Q
  • Field that focuses on nonmedical aspects of microbiology
  • Roots in 20th century
A

Microbial diversity

81
Q
  • Developed enrichment culture technique
A

Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931)

82
Q

Microbes can be isolated from natural samples in a highly selective fashion by manipulating nutrient and incubation
conditions.

A

enrichment culture technique

83
Q

Proposed concept of chemolithotrophy

  • Oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation
A

Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953)

84
Q

Demonstrated that specific bacteria are linked to specific biogeochemical transformations (e.g., S and N
cycles)

A

Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953) and the concept of chemolithotrophy

85
Q

In the 20th century, microbiology developed in two distinct directions:

A

Applied and basic

86
Q

Fueled by the genomics revolution

A

Molecular microbiology

87
Q

Major subdisciplines of applied microbiology

infectious diseases

A

Medical microbiology

88
Q

Major subdisciplines of applied microbiology

microbes associated with soil

A

Agricultural microbiology

89
Q

Major subdisciplines of applied microbiology

production of antibiotics,
alcohols, and other chemicals

A

Industrial microbiology

90
Q

Major subdisciplines of applied microbiology

immune system

A

Immunology

91
Q

Major subdisciplines of applied microbiology

water, wastewater, and drinking
water

A

Aquatic microbiology

92
Q

Major subdisciplines of applied microbiology

products of genetically engineered
microorganism

A

Biotechnology

93
Q

Basic science subdisciplines in microbiology

The science of grouping and classifying microorganisms

A

Microbial systematics

94
Q

Basic science subdisciplines in microbiology

  • Study of the nutrients that microbes require for metabolism and growth and the products that microorganisms generate
A

Microbial physiology

95
Q

Basic science subdisciplines in microbiology

  • Study of microbial diversity and activity in natural habitats
A

Microbial ecology

96
Q

Basic science subdisciplines in microbiology

  • Study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions
A

Microbial biochemistry

97
Q

Basic science subdisciplines in microbiology

  • Study of heredity and variation in bacteria
A

Bacterial genetics

98
Q

Basic science subdisciplines in microbiology

  • Study of viruses
A

Virology

99
Q

study of all of the genetic material
(DNA) in living cells

A

Genomics

100
Q

study of RNA patterns

A

Transcriptomics

101
Q

study of all the proteins produced by cell

A

Proteomics

102
Q

study of metabolic expression in cells

A

Metabolomics

MICROPARA [LEC] (3 decks)

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