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MICRO - Lab 1 > Micro lab terms > Flashcards

Micro lab terms Flashcards

1
Q

What does inoculate mean?

A

It is the process of adding bacteria to a medium for the purposes of growth.

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2
Q

What is media?

A

A substance used to grow bacterial cultures

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3
Q

Define colony morphology?

A

Characteristics such as color, texture, and shape that are distinctive enough to aid in distinguishing different bacterial species

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4
Q

What are bacterial ‘colonies’?

A

Large groups of bacteria large enough to see with naked eye

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5
Q

What is agar?

A

A complex polysaccharide extracted from marine algae.

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6
Q

What is meant by cross contamination?

A

Introducing foreign microbes into your samples.

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7
Q

What is staining?

A

The application of dyes to a specimen

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8
Q

What are 3 characteristics of simple stains?

A
  1. Make bacteria visible
  2. Show cell morphology - cocci, bacilli, spirillum
  3. Show cell arrangement- single, diplo, tetrad, strepto, staphylo
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9
Q

What are cationic dyes?

A

Positively charged dyes

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10
Q

What parts of the hands are most neglected during hand washing, and what are the 2 most important variables that we can change to improve hand washing efficiency ?

A

The top and bottom of the hand tend to be overlooked along with under the finger nails.2 Variables that make hand washing more effective is the duration of the washing and the friction used when washing

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11
Q

‘Streaking the slant’ is used for what kind of media?

A

Slant media

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12
Q

‘dip and swish’ is used for what kind of media?

A

Broth media

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13
Q

‘Streaking for isolation’ uses what type of media?

A

Agar plates

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14
Q

What are agar slants used for?

A

cultivation and maintenance of stock cultures because they are less likely to dry out like agar plates.

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15
Q

In gram staining what is the purpose of a primary stain, and what is the name of the dye used?

A

The primary stain is used to get the dye trapped within the bacterial peptidoglycanThe dye is: Crystal Violetcrystal violet has little to no effect in gram negative cell walls

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16
Q

In gram staining what is the purpose of Gram’s iodine?

A

It will bind with the crystal violet particles to create CVI (Crystal Violet Iodine) complexes.

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17
Q

In gram staining, what is the purpose of the decolorizer?

A

It is used to wash away any crystal violet stain not in complex with the iodine. In gram positive cells the majority of the crystal violet in the thick pepetidoglycan cell wall is complexed with iodine, and remains unmoved by the decolorizer.

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18
Q

In gram staining what is the purpose of the secondary stain and what is the name of the dye?

A

Safranin is used to distinguish gram positive cells from gram negative cells.

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19
Q

Define the cell morphology:

A

Cocci

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20
Q

Define the cell morphology:

A

Diplococci

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21
Q

Define the cell morphology the arrows are pointing to:

A

Tetrad

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22
Q

Define the cell morphology:

A

streptococci

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23
Q

Define the cell morphology:

A

staphylococci

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24
Q

Define the cell morphology:

A

Bacillus

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25
Q

Define the cell morphology:

A

streptobacillus

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26
Q

Define the cell morphology:

A

Spirillum

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27
Q

What part of the microscope is A pointing to?

A

Oculars 10x magnification

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28
Q

What part of the microscope is B pointing to?

A

Objective lenses:

  • 4x – scanning power
  • 10x – low power
  • 40x – high power
  • 100x – oil immersion
29
Q

What part of the microscope is C pointing to?

A

Stage

30
Q

What part of the microscope is D pointing to?

A

Condensor

31
Q

What part of the microscope is E pointing to?

A

Coarse adjustment knob

32
Q

What part of the microscope is F pointing to?

A

Fine adjustment knob

33
Q

What part of the microscope is G pointing to?

A

Slide adjustment knob

34
Q

How do you find the total maginfication on a microscope?

A

Ocular magnification (10) x Objective magnification = Total magnification

35
Q

What are the steps in making a simple stain?

A
  1. Place a small drop of DI water to a clean slide
  2. Using a loop add bacteria to the water and mix and spread the bacteria. Flame loop when done
  3. Allow the smear to air dry for a while
  4. Using a slide holder pass the smear through the upper part of the flame.
  5. Allow the slid to cool and then smear the stain with a stain for one minute
  6. Wash away any excess dye and then gently blot the slid dry with biulous papaer.
36
Q

How would you streak for isolation?

A
  1. You add the bateria to one side of the agar plate and streak it across quadrant 1. Steralize loop
  2. Use the loop to spread the bacteria to quadrant 2. Steralize loop
  3. Use the loop to spread the bacteria to quadrant 3. Steralize loop
  4. Use the loop to spread the bateria to quadrant 4. Steralize loop
37
Q

What are the steps for endospore staining?

A
  1. Flood slide with malachite green (primary stain).
  2. Allow stain to steam into endospores for 12 minutes.
  3. Remove slide and rinse with water at sink.
  4. Flood slide with safranin (counter stain/secondary stain) for 1 minute.
  5. Rinse with water.
  6. Blot dry with bibulous paper.
38
Q

What color are the endospores and what color are the vegetative cells?

A

Endospores = Green

Vegetative cells = Red

39
Q

What are positions A, B, and C termed on the endospore?

A

A = Central

B = Terminal

C = subterminal

40
Q

What are capsules composed of?

A

They are composed of mucoid polysaccharides or polypeptides that repel most stains.

41
Q

What kind of stain is this, and what do parts A, B, and C represent?

A

This is a capsule stain

A= Background

B = Capsules

C = Bacteria

42
Q

Why don’t capsules stain very well?

A

Capsules do not stain well since they are made of mucoid polysaccharides and polypeptides.

43
Q

Describe the negative staining technique

A

This technique inovles staining the background a dark color such as Congo Red or Nigrosin, and the bacterial cell is tained a contrasting color (safranin). This leaves the unstained capsule appearing as a white halo.

44
Q

This stain is an example of a ____ stain?

A

Flagella Stain

45
Q

What flagellar arrangment is picture A depicting?

A

Monotrichous

46
Q

What flagellar arrengment is picture B depicting?

A

Lophotrichous

47
Q

What flagellar arrengment is picture C depicting?

A

Amphitrichous

48
Q

What flagellar arrangment is picture D depicting?

A

Peritrichous

49
Q

Because bacterial flagella are too thin special types of stains are used to make them visible, these stains are refered to as ____, and what do they do?

A
  • The stains are refered to as mordant
  • They cover or encrust the flagella making them thicker and more visible.
50
Q

What is the difference between disinfectants and antiseptics?

A

Disinfectants are germicides designed for use on non-living surfaces, whereas antiseptics are designed for use on or in living tissue.

51
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Natural antimicobial agents produced by microorganisims

52
Q

What are antimicrobials/antimicroics?

A

Synthetic agents thare are use to treat bacterial infections.

53
Q

What is the zone of inhibition?

A

The zone of inhibition is the zone where the bacterial is inhibited from growing.

54
Q

Drugs that are bactericidal….?

A

Kill the organisim

55
Q

Drugs that are bacteriostatic…?

A

Stop growth of the organisim but don’t kill the microbe

56
Q

Define minimum inhibitory concentration:

A

The lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation

57
Q

What might be the consequence of pouring a Mueller-Hinton agar plate to a depth of 2mm instead of the 4mm depth as is standard?

A

What will happen is that the antibiotics placed on the agar might not fully diffuse across the agar, and as a result the zone of inhibition would be bigger than normal.

58
Q

What are some characteristics of Muller-Hintnon agar?

A
  • It has a pH between 7.2-7.4
  • It is poured to a depth of 4mm in petri dishes 100 & 150mm deep.
  • After 16 to 18 hours of incubation the zones are then measured.
59
Q

What is the Kirby Bauer method of streaking a plate?

A

Streak the entire surface of the plate, making the streaks right next to each other then once the plate is completely covered roate the plate by a 1/3 turn and repate the streaking of the inoculum already on the plate using the same streaking technique. Then rotate the plate another 1/3 turn and repeate these steps once more.

60
Q

What makes E. Coli cells competent in a bacterial trasnformation lab?

A
  • CaCl2 transforming solution
  • Heat shock
61
Q

What are operons?

A

They are structural and functional genetic units of prokaryotes

62
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Plasmids are small, naturally occurring, circular DNa molecules that possess only a few genes and replicate independently of the chromosome.

63
Q

What enzyme allows S. aureus to be oxygen tolorent?

A

Catalase

64
Q

What is the streaking method for Kirby Bauer antibiotic sensitivity testing called?

A

Lawn of bacterial growth

65
Q

In the Bacterial Transformation lab what is the name of the selective marker, and what is the name of the visual marker?

A
  • Visual Marker: GFP (Green fluorescent protein) Gene - Arabinose operon
  • Selective Marker: BLA Gene (Beta-lactomase gene) - Antibotic resistance
66
Q

The bla gene is what kind of enzyme?

A

It is an exo enzyme because it acts on the outside of the bacteria breaking down antibotics in the agar

67
Q

What is the function of arabinose in the Bacterial Transformation lab?

A
  • Arabinose binds to the Ara C promoter and switches on the operon to allow for GFP to be transcribed and the bacteria will begin to glow.
  • Bacteria already have the ara C promoter site, but with the addition of the GFP gene in the plasma, it allows for the bacteria to glow once Arabinose is added to the agar plate.
68
Q

In reference to hand washing, list the 4 variables that aid in killing bacteria from most effective to least effective.

A
  1. Friction
  2. Time
  3. Water temperature (hot)
  4. Soap

MICRO - Lab 1 (1 decks)

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