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Micro Gram + > Micro G+ Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Micro G+ Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Staphylococcus metabolism

A

Facultative anaerobe

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2
Q

Staphylococcus catalase test

A

positive

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3
Q

Staphylococcus optimal temperature

A

30º C (18º-40ºC)

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4
Q

Staphylococcus environmentally resists:

A

Drying, Salt (Mannitol Salt Agar used)

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5
Q

Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors

A 
Peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids – (ID species/strain)
Protein A 
Coagulase
Slime Layer
Capsule (stop phagocytosis)
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6
Q

Staphylococcus aureus toxins

A 
Alpha – cell lysis, tissue damage
Beta – cell lysis, tissue destruction
Gamma – rbc lysis
Delta – detergent on rbc’s
PV – leukocidin
Exfoliative toxins (ETA and ETB) 
Enterotoxins 
Superantigens (A, B, etc.) – stimulate T-cells non-specifically
Catalase-H2O2 breakdown                                              (ALL Staphylococcus!!)
Hyaluronidase -spreading in CT
Staphylokinase -(fibrinolysin) dissolves clots
Penicillinase
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7
Q

Diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus

A

SOFT PAINS

SKIN (colonization)- folliculitis (hair follicule), furuncle/carbuncle (sebaceous gland), impetigo (superficial, children).

(exo/entero)TOXINS -food poisoning, scalded skin (exfoliative toxin), toxic shock (superantigen).

INTERNAL -bacteremia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia

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8
Q

Staphylococcus aureus hemolysis test

A

beta

clear

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9
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis hemolysis test

A

Gamma or alpha (none or incomplete)

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10
Q

Staphylococcus aureus coagulase test

A

positive!!

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11
Q

Staphylococcus lugdunensis coagulase test

A

negative

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12
Q

Staphylococcus saprophyticus coagulase test

A

negative

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13
Q

Staphylococcus hemolyticus coagulase test

A

negative

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14
Q

Streptococcus coagulase test

A

negative

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15
Q

Two most important coagulase negative staphylococcus species

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis & Staphylococcus lugdunensis

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16
Q

What diseases do Staphylococcus epidermidis & Staphylococcus lugdunensis cause

A

Infections of catheters, prosthetic valves & joints

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17
Q

Diseases caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis

A

Bacteremia, endocarditis, surgical wound infections, UTI

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18
Q

Diseases caused by Staphylococcus lugdunensis

A

Arthritis, bacteremia, endocarditis, UTI

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19
Q

Diseases caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus

A

UTI and other opportunistic infections

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20
Q

Diseases caused by Staphylococcus hemolyticus

A

Bacteremia, bone/joint, endocarditis, UTI, wound infection

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21
Q

Streptococcus metabolism

A

Facultative anaerobe

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22
Q

Streptococcus environmentally resists:

A

Some drying, salt

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23
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes Serological Grouping

A

GAS

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24
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae Serological Grouping

A

GBS

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25
Q

Streptococcus bovis Serological Grouping

A

GDS (enterococcus)

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26
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae Serological Grouping

A

None

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27
Q

Streptococcus mutans Serological Grouping

A

None, viridans group

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28
Q

Streptococcus mitas Serological Grouping

A

None, viridans group

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29
Q

Streptococcus salivarius Serological Grouping

A

None, viridans group

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30
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes virulence factors

A

1) Capsule
2) Adhesins
- Lipoteichoic acid
- M-protein family
- F-protein – binds epithelial cells

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31
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors

A

HUGE capsule (resist phagocytosis)
IgA proteases
pnuemolysin to destroy ciliated cells

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32
Q

Streptococcus mutans virulence factors/metabolism

A

Acidogenic/acidouric

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33
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes toxins

A

Pyrogenic exotoxins - mitogens for T-cells/inflamm/rash/fever pus –SpeA, SpeB, SpeC
passed between bacteria by phage conversion
Streptolysin S – lyse wbc’s, platelets, rbc’s
Streptolysin O – lyses wbc’s, platelets, rbc’s (ASO test = recent strep infection)
Streptokinase – lyse blood clots allows spread
Hyaluronidase – spreading
DNase/streptodornase
C5a peptidase

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34
Q

Name the 2 post-Streptococcal infection Diseases

A
  1. Rheumatic fever: 2 week post effect (cross-reactive antibody, ASO test) age 5-15, aschoff body —> dental prophylaxis to prevent endocarditis
  2. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (from antibodies to streptococcus clogging kidneys, ASO test)
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35
Q

Suppurative Streptococcus pyogenes Diseases

A
  • *Necrotizing fasciitis: SUPERANTIGENS deeper infection (fascia)
  • *Pyoderma/impetigo: purulent skin infection – hot climates, young kids
  • *Erysipelas: acute skin infection – larger area
  • *Cellulitis: deeper skin infection
  • *Toxic Shock syndrome: superantigens – usually bacteremic/systemic
  • *Endocarditis: infection of a heart valve
  • *pharyngitis
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36
Q

Other disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Scarlet fever: rash/skin peeling

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37
Q

Disease caused by Streptococcus agalactiae

A

S. agalactiae is GBS – most serious disease of neonate, cause septicemia/meniningitis/

-bacteremia in newborns (screen moms, 10-30% women carry, 60% babies get sick)

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38
Q

Disease caused by Streptococcus bovis

A

S. bovis = mystery:

15% of colon cancer patients have

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39
Q

Disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Lung infection, spread to sinuses & meninges, increase C-reactive protein

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40
Q

Disease caused by Streptococcus mutans

A

Dental caries

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41
Q

Treatment for Streptococcus pneumoniae infections

A
  1. Becoming penicillin resistant —> vancomycin

2. polysaccharide multi-strain vaccine given to under 2 yr & 65+

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42
Q

To prevent secondary Streptococcus pyogenes infections

A

Penicillin, cephalosporin, within 10 days

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43
Q

Diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenes infection

A
  1. Elevated CRP

2. Cells lyse rapidly with bile

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44
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes hemolysis test

A

beta

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45
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae hemolysis test

A

beta

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46
Q

Streptococcus bovis hemolysis test

A

gamma (NON-hemolytic)

47
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnuemococcus, diplo) hemolysis test

A

alpha

48
Q

Streptococcus mutans hemolysis test

A

alpha

49
Q

Streptococcus mitas hemolysis test

A

alpha

50
Q

Streptococcus salivarius hemolysis test

A

alpha

51
Q

Two most common Streptococcus mutans species in humans

A

S. mutans, S. sobrinus (cariogenic)

mutans is a term used to describe not only Streptococcus mutans, but seven species including S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. criceti, S. ferus, S. ratti, S. macacae and S. downei. S. sanguis (less acidogenic but lay groundwork)

52
Q

Enterococcus metabolism

A

Facultative anaerobe

53
Q

Enterococcus virulence factors

A

few, except SUPER drug resistant

54
Q

Diseases caused by Enterococcus

A

Bacteremia, UTI, abdominal abscess, diverticulitis, endocarditis

55
Q

Where is Enterococcus found?

A

Water supply, though resistant to drying and salt

56
Q

Streptococcus catalase test

A

Negative

57
Q

Two spore-forming bacteria

A

Bacillus + Clostridium

58
Q

Bacillus metabolism

A

Facultative aerobe

59
Q

Bacillus Virulence Factors

A

ENDOSPORES, can survive extreme conditions bc they contain dipicolinic acid and calcium, also bacterial DNA

60
Q

Bacillus anthracis virulence factors

A
  1. Spores
    * (no spores in clinical samples)
  2. Capsule
  3. Toxins- all three on one plasmid (PA, EF and LF)
61
Q

Bacillus cereus virulence factors

A

Spores & Enterotoxin- heat stable (food poisoning from rice)

62
Q

Diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis

A
  1. Mostly cutaneous, contact with spores eschar = black (necrotic) scab (20% fatal), septicemia
  2. Inhalation: spreads via lymph node —> meningitis (95% fatal) (wool sorters)
  3. GI: grazing animals, 100% fatal
63
Q

Bacillus stearothermophilus significance

A

autoclave indicator organism

64
Q

Treatment for Bacillus anthracis

A
  1. Ciprofloxacin stops DNA/protein synthesis
  2. Doxycycline -penicillin resistance reported
    3.Prevent with vaccine – available for military.
    (vaccine for cows?)
65
Q

Diagnosis of Bacillus anthracis

A

Can do DFA test to bind capsule

66
Q

Diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis

A

Food poisoning, occasional eye infections
Emetic form – intoxication/enterotoxin rice)
Diarrheal form – longer reaction time, infection NOTintoxication - heat labile enterotoxin – (meat/veggies)
Ocular form less common, secondary to traumatic eye injury/post-op

67
Q

Listeria Metabolism

A

Aerobe/Facultative anaerobe

68
Q

Listeria general mode of pathology

A

facultative intracellular (CMI needed to clear/Anti-bodies not effective)

69
Q

Listeria monocytogenes virulence factors

A

Actin rockets: propel into next cell without exposure to antibodies
(facultative intracellular pathogen)

70
Q

Listeria monocytogenes toxin

A

Listerialysin: enzymes to escape cytoplasm

71
Q

Disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes

A 
Food poisoning (20-30% mortality)
(50% for preg, transplant patients, cancer, etc… & increased meningitis)
-deli meats, dairy, raw veggies
72
Q

Treatment for Listeria monocytogenes

A
  1. penicillin
  2. gentamicin + penicillin
  3. ampicillin for serious infection
73
Q

Corynebacterium virulence factors/pathogenicity

A

Often part of normal flora, -opportunistic, few pathogenic species othwewise

74
Q

Corynebacterium metabolism

A

aerobic, or facultatively anaerobic

75
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxins

A

A-B exotoxin inhibits translation in heart/nerve cells
(A for Action, B for Binding)
B subunit binds to the cell - specific for heart and nerve cells
A subunit goes into the cell and causes damage by stopping translation

76
Q

Diseases caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

Diptheria: pseudomembrane block airway, also secondary cardiac and neurological damage
-Mortality 5-10% BUT 20% for under 5 and 40+

Cutaneous form toxic & can go systemic

77
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae treatment

A

Antitoxin neutralizes exotoxin
Penicillin/erythromycin to remove bacteria
Toxoid vaccine (inactivated toxin) (DTP)

78
Q

Where is Clostridium found?

A

Soil, sewage, human GI tract

79
Q

Clostridium metabolism

A

Anaerobic

mostly

80
Q

Clostridium virulence factors

A

ENDOSPORES

contain dipicolinic acid and calcium, bacterial DNA

81
Q

Clostridium toxins

A

Histolytic toxins, enterotoxins and neurotoxins

82
Q

Clostridium perfringens toxins

A

12+ toxins, high mortality
Lecithinase – most important / alpha toxin
Histotoxin – hydrolyzes host cell membranes (rbc, wbc, platelets and endothelial cells).
Mediates massive hemolysis, increased vascular permeability/bleeding, tissue destruction, hepatic toxicity, myocardial dysfunction.

83
Q

Diseases caused by Clostridium perfringens

A
  • Gas gangrene, cut off blood supply & necrosis
  • Gastroenterotitis
  • Wound infection: necrosis, myonecrosis, ischemia
84
Q

Clostridium perfringens treatment

A

Wound care + penicillin

85
Q

Diseases caused by Clostridium tetani

A

Tetanus, wound infections (fatal in newborns)

86
Q

Clostridium tetani treatment

A

Anti-toxin
Antibiotics (Metronidazole)
(DTP vaccine)

87
Q

Clostridium tetani toxins

A

Tetanolysin: hemolysin
Tetanospasmin: A-B toxin: neurotoxin

88
Q

Diseases caused by Clostridium botulinum

A

Food poisoning, wound & infant botulism: Muscle failure, 25% mortality

89
Q

Clostridium botulinum treatment

A

Often no treatment
If in GI tract: metronidazole or penicillin
-use antitoxin

Prevention is best :
Destroy spores in food
Prevent germination – cold or acid
Destroy toxin – 60 degrees for 10 minutes

90
Q

Clostridium botulinum toxins

A

A-B toxin: Most potent neurotoxins known

- blocks ACh release,
- don’t need live organisms – toxin in food will cause botulism
91
Q

Diseases caused by Clostridium difficile

A 
In 5% of people: normal flora 
Pseudomembranous colitis (caused by clindamycin wiping out "probiotics")
92
Q

Clostridium difficile treatment

A

Stop clindamycin, use metronidazole/vancomycin

93
Q

Clostridium difficile metabolism

A

Obligate Anaerobe (makes sense, in gut)

94
Q

Nocardia metabolism

A

Aerobe

95
Q

Diseases caused by Nocardia

A
  1. Immunocompromised at risk for bronchopulmonary disease & cutaneous infection (ubiquitous)
  2. Dental: Nocardia in gingival pockets w/ Actinomyces, role unknown
96
Q

Nocardia treatment

A

Wound care, sulfonamide

97
Q

Where is Lactobacillus found?

A

Human mouth, GI & GU tract

98
Q

Lactobacillus metabolism

A

Air tolerant anaerobe

99
Q

Lactobacillus virulence factors

A

Acidogenic/Acidouric

100
Q

Diseases caused by Lactobacillus

A

Dental Caries: acidogenic and acidouric

pit and fissure caries, often late colonizer (after S. mutans)

101
Q

Actinomycetes metabolism

A

Facultative or strict anaerobe

102
Q

Actinomycetes pathogenicity

A

Opportunistic pathogen, often part of normal flora

103
Q

Diseases caused by Actinomycetes israelii

A

Post-Cranio Facial surgical actinomycosisi in jaw, hyphae seen
Caries at enamel/dentin surface
Sulfur granules

104
Q

Actinomycetes israelii treatment

A

Removing infected tissue, penicilin

105
Q

Mycobacterium gram stain

A

ACID FAST (sometimes weakly +)

106
Q

Mycobacterium metabolism

A

Aerobic (makes sense, think lungs)

107
Q

Mycobacterium toxins

A

few if any

108
Q

Diseases caused byMycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Tuberculosis: Damage is from YOUR immune response, forming granulomas.

Primary infection: droplet/aerosolized transmission taken up by macrophage. Ghon’s complex formed, inflammation –> wbc/tissue destruction

Secondary infection: reactivation of infection - pulmonary TB or miliary TB (spreading), granulomas, inflammation, chronic fever, night sweats, weight loss, cough

109
Q

Treatment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Prevent w/ BCG vaccine
Treatment is difficult & long term
Rifamycins – inhibit transcription – liver damage
Isoniazid – cell wall synthesis inhibitor – mycolic acid – liver toxicity
Pyrazinamide – unclear mode

110
Q

Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A 
PPD test (aka Mantoux test). 
Newer Quantiferon-TB gold blood test
111
Q

Mycobacterium leprae mode of pathogenicity

A

intracellular (cell mediated immunity needed)

112
Q

Diseases caused by Mycobacterium leprae

A

Leprosy

  1. Lepromatous leprosy – most severe (Hansen’s disease)
    - Highly infectious
    - Lack of CMI
    - Skin destruction
    - Takes at least a year of treatment
  2. Tuberculoid leprosy –milder form
    - Hypopigmented skin lesions
    - Nerve damage
    - Low infectivity
113
Q

Disease caused by Mycobacterium avium

A

Pulmonary disease or disseminated disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals

114
Q

Treatment for Mycobacterium avium

A

Prophylaxis in HIV patients – azithromycin

Treat infections with rifampin or isoniazid

Micro Gram + (1 decks)

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