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Intro to Micro > Micro Final (new content) > Flashcards

Micro Final (new content) Flashcards

1
Q

A ________ parasite is an organism that may become parasitic but does not require a _____ for completion of its life cycle

A

Facultative; host

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2
Q

Which of the following statements are correct:
a) Ectoparasites can live part of their life cycle as free-living
b) A caligid copepod living on skin of fish is an ectoparasite
c) A cestode platyhelminth living in the intestine of fish is an endoparasite
d) All of the above are correct

A

d) all of the above

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3
Q

What is true of epibiosis and phoresis?
a) They are facultative obligate parasites
b) They involve mutual parasitism
c) It is the “act of being carried”
d) all of the above

A

c) It is the act of being carried

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4
Q

Flagellates feeding on bacteria that is on the surface of a fish, and Entamoeba sp. also feeding on bacteria in the human intestine are examples of what?
a) Parasitism
b) Commensalism
c) Epibiotic and phoresis
d) None of the above

A

b) commensalism

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5
Q

True or False
In commensalism the host benefits but is not harmed

A

False
The host neither benefits or is harmed

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6
Q

Vermiform (or worm-like) in form, helminths are parasitic worms that are large and multicellular. What 4 phylum fall under this category?

A

a) Phylum Nematoda
b) Phylum Platyhelminthes
c) Phylum Acanthocephala
d) Phylum Annelida

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7
Q

What phylum are roundworms?
a) Nematoda
b) Platyhelminthes
c) Acanthocephala
d) Annelida

A

a) Nematoda

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8
Q

What phylum do flatworms belong?
a) Nematoda
b) Platyhelminthes
c) Acanthocephala
d) Annelida

A

b) Platyhelminthes

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9
Q

In what phylum do thorny-headed worms belong?
a) Nematoda
b) Platyhelminthes
c) Acanthocephala
d) Annelida

A

c) Acanthocephala

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10
Q

In what phylum do segmented, non-parasitic worms belong?
a) Nematoda
b) Platyhelminthes
c) Acanthocephala
d) Annelida

A

d) Annelida (ex: leeches)

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11
Q

What class do tapeworms belong?
a) Cestoda
b) Trematoda
c) Monogenea
d) Turbellaria

A

a) Cestoda

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12
Q

In what class do endoparasitic flukes belong?
a) Cestoda
b) Trematoda
c) Monogenea
d) Turbellaria

A

b) Trematoda

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13
Q

In what class do ectoparasitic skin flukes belong?
a) Cestoda
b) Trematoda
c) Monogenea
d) Turbellaria

A

c) Monogenea

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14
Q

In what class do free-living flatworms belong?
a) Cestoda
b) Trematoda
c) Monogenea
d) Turbellaria

A

d) Turbellaria

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15
Q

Which of the following statements is false:
a) Parasites are smaller than their host
b) Parasites reduce host fitness
c) Parasites typically kill the host
d) They reproduce after than the host

A

c) Parasites typically kill the host - They DO NOT typically kill their host as that would not benefit them

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16
Q

Required, serves as temporary but necessary host for continued development of essential life stages
a) Intermediate host
b) Paratenic host
c) Aberrant host
d) Dead-end host

A

a) Intermediate host

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17
Q

A non-required transport host in which no development of the parasite occurs
a) Intermediate host
b) Paratenic host
c) Aberrant host
d) Dead-end host

A

b) Paratenic host (or transport host)

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18
Q

Host not usually used by the parasite, development is slow or incomplete
a) Intermediate host
b) Paratenic host
c) Aberrant host
d) Dead-end host

A

c) Aberrant host (or abnormal host)

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19
Q

A host that generally does not allow transmission to the definitive host, thereby preventing the parasite from completing its development
a) Intermediate host
b) Paratenic host
c) Aberrant host
d) Dead-end host

A

d) Dead-end host (or incidental host)

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20
Q

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding direct/simple life cycles:
a) Only one host is required
b) Can be host specific or broad spectrum
c) Parasites without an IH have direct life cycles
d) all of the above

A

d) All of the above

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21
Q

Sexual reproduction takes place in what type of host?
a) Intermediate
b) Dead end
c) Definitive
d) none of the above

A

c) Definitive

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22
Q

Which of the following is true regarding indirect life cycles?
a) Two or more hosts required
b) The final host is the definitive host
c) There are stages of the life cycle in the host as well as the environment
d) All of the above are correct

A

d) all of the above

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23
Q

The canine heartworm is an example of what type of life cycle?
a) Direct life cycle
b) Indirect
c) Direct w/ paratenic host
d) Direct w/ aberrant host

A

b) Indirect

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24
Q

In the life cycle of toxocara canis, adult worms lay eggs in the small intestines, which are then excreted through feces and may be digested by mice. The mice then can excrete the eggs which are then ingested by the dog or cat, starting the life cycle over again. What type of life cycle and host is exemplified with this example? Explain your answer.

A

Direct life cycle; Paratenic host
DIrect life cycle because only one host is required. Paratenic host because it doesn’t need the host for development and is just used for “transport”

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25
Q

True or False
In the example of Toxocara canis, the mouse is a required host for the complete life cycle of the parasite

A

False - The mouse is not required as no development takes place

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26
Q

In a heartworm infection, the dog is the ______ host and the mosquito is the ________ host.

A

Definitive; intermediate

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27
Q

In the direct life cycle of Toxocara canis, the dog serves as the ______ host and the mouse serves as the ______ host. Humans can also play a role as ______ hosts.

A

Definitive; paratenic; aberrant (dead-end)

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28
Q

Nematode lungworms have an ________ life cycle with a ________ host

A

Indirect; paratenic

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29
Q

In the life cycle of the nematode lung worms, snails are the ______ host, birds are the ______ host, and cats are the ______ host

A

Intermediate; Paratenic; definitive

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30
Q

Term most often used for arrested development that has a seasonal basis, such as in nematodes.
a) Hypobiosis
b) Predilection site
c) Aberrant site
d) None of the above

A

a) Hypobiosis

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31
Q

The preferred site in or on the host
a) Hypobiosis
b) Predilection site
c) Aberrant site
d) None of the above

A

b) Predilection site

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32
Q

The site in or on the host which is not a normal location
a) Hypobiosis
b) Predilection site
c) Aberrant site
d) None of the above

A

c) Aberrant site

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33
Q

Which of the following correctly correlate with complex life cycles:
a) Only involves one host
b) Is an uncommon feature of parasitic animals
c) While it has advantages, one disadvantage can be mode of transmission
d) All of the above

A

c) While it has advantages, one disadvantage can be mode of transmission

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34
Q

_________ transmission uses many hosts linked via food chains to be transmitted from one host to the next

A

Trophic

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35
Q

Which of the following is true regarding trophically transmitted parasites:
a) They can trick their hosts into eating them at any life stage
b) They can only trick their hosts once they have developed into a stage capable of infecting the next host
c) Once they are within the host they no longer cause infection- they simply mature there until excretion
d) None of the above are correct

A

b) They can only trick their hosts once they have developed into a stage capable of infecting the next host

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36
Q

“Zombie snails” (Leucochloridium paradoxum) and “Fatal Feline Attraction” (toxoplama gondii) are both examples of what type of transmission?

A

Trophic transmission

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37
Q

Which of the following is true of Leucochloridium paradoxum
a) “Zombie snails”
b) Gastropod is the intermediate host
c) It is a parasitic trematode (flatworm)
d) The bird is the definitive host
e) all of the above

A

e) all of the above

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38
Q

True or False
All trematodes have complex life cycles

A

True

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39
Q

Which of the following statements is correct:
a) Toxoplasma gondii can infect any animal but only reproduce sexually in cats
b) Toxoplasma gondii reproduces within almost any warm-blooded animal
c) Toxoplasma gondii has a simple life cycle
d) All of the above are correct

A

a) T. gondii can infect any animal but only reproduces sexually in cats

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40
Q

Monogenea are ectoparasitic flatworms that are part of the phylum Platyheminthes. They are ancestrally related to Turbellaria and closest to modern cestodes. What type of life cycle do they have?

A

Direct life cycle

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41
Q

Which of the following is true regarding Monogenea?
a) Gyrodactylus are viviparous monogeneans
b) Undonella spp used to have hooks, which have since been lost through evolution
c) They are ectoparasites with direct life cycles
d) All of the above

A

d) All of the above

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42
Q

_________ occurs when the smaller symbiont feeds on the unwanted or unused food in or on the surface of the host, in which the host neither is harmed nor benefits

A

Commensalism

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43
Q

Udonella have an _________ relationship with the copepod, but they feed directly from the fish or from fish mucus disturbed by the copepod

A

Obligate

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44
Q

Udonella are best described as:
a) facultative
b) epibionts
c) commensals
d) ectocommensals

A

d) ectocommensals

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45
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the class Trematoda?
a) Flukes
b) Endoparasites
c) Helminthes
d) Digeneans
e) all of the above

A

e) all of the above

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46
Q

Fasciola hepatica is what type of fluke?

A

Liver fluke

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47
Q

True or False
Trematodes are hermaphroditic but can cross-reproduce

A

True

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48
Q

What type of egg is seen in this image?
a) Nematode
b) Cestode
c) Trematode
d) Annelida

A

c) Trematode

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49
Q

What correctly describes this photo?
a) Trematode
b) Nematode
c) Fasciola hepatica
d) A and C
e) none of the above

A

d) A and C

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50
Q

True or False
All trematodes have direct life cycles

A

FALSE - they do not have direct life cycles

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51
Q

Where does maturation of liver flukes occur?
a) Liver
b) Intestines
c) bile ducts
d) None of the above

A

c) bile ducts

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52
Q

During the larval stages of liver flukes, _______ burrow through the lining of the intestines and into the peritoneal cavity

A

Metacercaria

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53
Q

What are the definitive features of trematodes?

A

Oral and ventral suckers

54
Q

Where does the trematode life stages from egg to miracidium occur?
a) environment
b) intermediate host
c) Final host
d) metacercaria

A

a) environment

55
Q

Where does the rediae and cercaria life stages occur in simple life cycle?
a) environment
b) intermediate host
c) Final host
d) metacercaria

A

b) intermediate host

56
Q

Where does the life stage metacercaria occur in the trematode simple life cycle?
a) environment
b) intermediate host
c) Final host
d) metacercaria

A

a) environment

57
Q

In the trematode simple life cycle, the final host consumes ________ in the environment.

A

Metacercaria

58
Q

Which of the following are in the correct order:
a) Egg –> Miracidium –> metacercaria –> rediae –> cercaria –> adult
b) Egg –> miracidium –> rediae –> cercaria –> metacercaria –> adult
c) Egg –> Metacercaria –> rediae –> cercaria –> adult
d) Egg –> rediae –> cercaria –> metacercaria –> adult

A

b) Egg to miracidium to rediae to cercaria to metacercaria to adult

59
Q

What form of trematodes are free-swimming in the environment?
a) rediae
b) cercaria
c) adults
d) metacercaria

A

d) metacercaria

60
Q

In trematodes complex life cycle match the life stage with where it occurs:
Egg - miracidium
Rediae
Cercaria
Metacercaria
Young adult - adult

Environment
Intermediate Host
2nd IH
PH
Final/Definitive host

A

Egg - miracidium –> Environment
Rediae –> IH
Cercaria –> Environment
Metacercaria –> 2nd IH, PH or environment
Young adult-adult –> Final/DH

61
Q

Cercaria penetrate the 2nd IH becoming infective ________

A

Cercaria penetrate the 2nd IH becoming infective mesocercariae

62
Q

Alaria americana is a trematode from the family Diplostomatidae infecting carnivorous mammals by living in their small intestines as mature worms. What is true of their hosts?
a) Wide range of definitive hosts
b) Uses intermediate hosts
c) Uses paratenic hosts
d) All of the above

A

d) all of the above

63
Q

The location of flukes maturation to adults is species dependent and can occur where?
a) Rumen/intestine
b) liver and lungs
c) blood and kidneys
d) all of the above

A

d) all of the above

64
Q

What is the final host of Fasciola hepatic?

A

Ruminant

65
Q

Which of the following symptoms correlate with Fasciola hepatica?
a) Coughing
b) bottle jaw
c) anemia
d) a and b
e) b and c

A

e) b and c

66
Q

What pathology specifically indicates chronic Fasciola hepatica infection?

A

Pipestem liver

67
Q

What is the intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica?
a) bird
b) mouse
c) sheep
d) snail
e) earthworm

A

d) snail

68
Q

A ______ is any eukaryotic organism that has cells with nuclei and is not an animal, plant or fungi. So it includes _____, _____ _____ and ___________

A

A protist is any eukaryotic organism that has cells with nuclei and is not an animal, plant or fungi. So it includes algae, slime molds, and dinoflagellates

69
Q

Sporozoite
a) infective form
b) form which feeds and grows
c) form which divides rapidly
d) form which divides slowly
e) many (can also be infective in the case of two hosts being involved)

A

a) infective form

70
Q

Trophozoite
a) infective form
b) form which feeds and grows
c) form which divides rapidly
d) form which divides slowly
e) many (can also be infective in the case of two hosts being involved)

A

b) form which feeds and grows

71
Q

Tachyzoite
a) infective form
b) form which feeds and grows
c) form which divides rapidly
d) form which divides slowly
e) many (can also be infective in the case of two hosts being involved)

A

c) form which divides rapidly

72
Q

Bradyzoite
a) infective form
b) form which feeds and grows
c) form which divides rapidly
d) form which divides slowly
e) many (can also be infective in the case of two hosts being involved)

A

d) form which divides slowly

73
Q

Merozoite
a) infective form
b) form which feeds and grows
c) form which divides rapidly
d) form which divides slowly
e) many (can also be infective in the case of two hosts being involved)

A

e) many (can also be infective in the case of two hosts being involved)

74
Q

Which of the following are ways protists take in food?
a) Osmotrophy
b) Phagocytosis
c) via pseudophodia
d) via cytostome
e) all of the above

A

e) all of the above

75
Q

List the forms of locomotion for protists

A

Pseudopodia, flagella, gliding movements, or cilia

76
Q

List forms of asexual reproduction for protists

A

Binary fission, budding, schizogony/merogony

77
Q

If there is exponential increase in numbers, destruction of host cells in proportion of infection and stops after a fixed number of repetitions, what form of asexual reproduction is occurring?

A

Schizogony (merogony)

78
Q

What is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotic organisms and occurs in some single-celled eukaryotes?

A

Binary fission

79
Q

What form of asexual reproduction is in this picture?

A

Binary fission

80
Q

Asexual reproduction of protozoans that is common in many apicomplexans

A

Schizogony (merogony)

81
Q

What form of asexual reproduction is pictured (it is very pathogenic!)

A

Schizogony (merogony)

82
Q

What form of protozoa reproduction is pictured? (NOT pathogenic)

A

Sexual reproduction (Gametogony or sporogony)

83
Q

Merozoites become either __________ and then a __________ or a ____________ and then several __________

A

Merozoites become either a macrogametocyte (macrogamont) and then a macrogamete OR a microgametocyte (microgamont) and then several microgametes

84
Q

A microgamete fertilizes a macrogamete forming a ______ ; a wall forms around this and becomes an ________.

A

A microgamete fertilizes a macrogamete forming a zygote; a wall forms around this and becomes an oocyst

85
Q

What are the clinical signs of Histomonas in poultry?

A

Lethargy, yellow diarrhea, appetite and weight loss, blackhead, death

86
Q

Histomonas specifically infects the ______ and ______

A

Cecum; liver

87
Q

What is responsible for the transmission of Histamonas, usually in the egg or in an earthworm containing infected eggs?
a) Trematode Fasciola hepatica
b) Nematode Hetarakis hallinarum
c) Montezuma Azteca
d) None of the above

A

b) Nematode Hetarakis hallinarum

88
Q

What is the only member of the ciliate phylum to be pathogenic to humans?

A

Balantidium coli

89
Q

Which of the following is true of Balantidium coli?
a) Direct life cycle in humans- zoonotic
b) Asymptomatic in pigs
c) Transmitted in contaminated water
d) All of the above

A

d) All of the above

90
Q

What ciliate disease is pictured?

A

White spot disease, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

91
Q

You take a sample from a diseased fish and see this in the sample. What is the cause?

A

White spot disease, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

92
Q

What ciliate disease is represented on this slide?

A

Balantidium coli

93
Q

The protozoa phylum Apicomplexa include what three orders?

A

Eucoccidiorida
Piroplasmorida
Haemosporida

94
Q

Parasite of epithelial cells that can reproduce sexually and/or asexually, where the asexual stage causes damage
a) Eucoccidiorida
b) Piroplasmorida
c) Haemosporida
d) Eimosporida

A

a) Eucoccidiorida

95
Q

What is the diagnostic feature associated with Apicomplexa?

A

Oocyst - a cyst containing a zygote formed by a parasitic protozoan

96
Q

Parasites of the blood in which ticks serve as the vector where sexual reproduction takes place and asexual reproduction takes place in the host mammal
a) Piroplasmorida
b) Babesia Theileria
c) a and b are correct
d) None of the above

A

c) a and b are correct

97
Q

What is the DH in Piroplasmorida Babesia Theileria?

A

Ticks

98
Q

What is the IH in Piroplasmorida Babesia Theileria?

A

Host mammal

99
Q

What causes Texas Cattle Fever?
a) Babesia Theileria
b) Babesia microti
c) Babesia canis
d) Babesia bovis

A

b) Babesia microti

100
Q

In Babesia microti, the life cycle involves 2 hosts, which include a _______ and a ______. Other species become infected when bitten by infected _____ which is the definitive host

A

rodent; tick; ticks

101
Q

Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease and is a ________ parasite

A

Intraerythrocytic

102
Q

Oocysts can develop ______ of the host making it difficult for diagnosis as the oocyst is the diagnostic feature.

A

Outside

103
Q

Fusion of ____ and ____ gamonts results in _____ that develops into an ______

A

micro; macro; zygote; oocyst

104
Q

True or False
Balantidium are flagellates, and Histomonas, Trypanosoma and giardia are ciliates

A

False
Balantidium are ciliates and Histomonas, Trypanosomas and giardia are flagellates

105
Q

Gouissia and Eimeria have ____ sporocysts each with ____ sporozoites

A

4; 2

106
Q

In Goussia oocysts, the release of sporozoites from the sporocyst is via a ________ _______, wherease in Eimeria, the release is via _______ ______ at the apex of a sporocyst

A

Longitudinal suture; Stieda body

107
Q

In what Apicomplexa is the horse an aberrant host and is the cause of EPM in horses?

A

Sarcocystis neurona

108
Q

Toxoplasma gondii is an _______ ________, parasitic alevolate that causes the disease toxoplasmosis.

A

Obligate intracellular

109
Q

Skin flukes are ectoparasites that fall in what class?
a) Cestoda
b) Trematoda
c) Monogenea
d) Nematoda

A

c) Monogenea

110
Q

True or False
Monogenea are part of the phylum Platyheminthes

A

True

111
Q

Monogenea use what form of attachment to the host?
a) Hooks
b) suckers
c) Indirect attachment
d) They don’t attach

A

a) Hooks

112
Q

Which statement is true regarding the class Monogenea?
a) No true body cavity or coelom
b) Highly developed suckers
c) Distinct female and males
d) All of the above

A

a) No true body cavity or coelom

113
Q

What statement is true of the class Monogenea?
a) Ectoparasites
b) Attach via hooks
c) Hermaphroditic
d) all of the above

A

d) all of the above

114
Q

True or False
Class Monogenea are ancestrally related to Turbellaria and closest to modern nematodes

A

FALSE
Ancestrally related to Turbellaria and closest to modern CESTODES

115
Q

What statement is true regarding the life cycle of Class Monogenea?
a) Direct involving paratenic hosts
b) Indirect involving multiple hosts
c) Direct involving 1 host
d) None of the above

A

c) Direct involving 1 host

116
Q

Gyrodactylus are ectoparasitic flatworms that
a) Are viviparous monogeans
b) Extremely pathogenic
c) Phylum platyhelminthes
d) All of the above

A

d) all of the above

117
Q

True or False
Myxozoa are characterized as protozoans

A

False
They are now known to parasitic jellyfish (Cnidaria)

118
Q

Which of the following statements are FALSE?
a) Myxozoa are obligate parasites
b) Myxozoa are faculative
c) Myxozoa have polar capsules to help infect new hosts
d) Coelozoic forms are generally not pathogenic

A

b) Myxozoa are faculative

119
Q

Which of the following can cause human GI problems if eaten in undercooked fish?
a) Myxozoa, Kudoa species
b) Gyrodactylus monogenerea
c) Acanthocephala
d) None of the above

A

a) Myxozoa, Kudoa species

120
Q

Which of the following can be infected by Myxozoa?
a) Humans
b) Birds
c) Amphibians and reptiles
d) All of the above

A

d) All of the above

121
Q

Which of the following correlates with Acanthocephala?
a) Worm with proboscis armed with hooks
b) Discovered by Redi
c) Highly adapted parasites w/ no mouth or digestive system
d) Gets nutrients from hosts digested gut contents
e) All of the above

A

e) All of the above

122
Q

True or False
Acanthocephala (thorny headed worms) are related to rotifers

A

True

123
Q

True or False
Acanthocephala are related to nematodes and platyhelminthes

A

False

124
Q

Which of the following statements are true regarding Acanthocephala?
a) Sexually dioecious
b) Simple life cycles
c) Mongoose and monkeys are intermediate hosts
d) Highly adapted parasites with mouths

A

a) Sexually dioecious

125
Q

What is true of the life cycles of Acanthocephala?
a) Complex
b) Adults are usually in the intestine
c) Not typically host specific
d) Cystacanth stage is found in encysted muscles in mongoose and monkeys
e) All of the above

A

e) All of the above

126
Q

Which of the following are correct statements:
a) Nematodes have males and females
b) Cestodes and trematodes are hermaphroditic
c) Nematodes are round worms and cestodes are tapeworms
d) All of the above

A

d) All of the above

127
Q

True or False
Nematodes can have direct or indirect life cycles

A

True

128
Q

In the direct life cycle of nematodes, what is usually the infective stage?
a) L1
b) Adult
c) L3
d) All of the above

A

c) L3 is usually the infective stage

129
Q

In the indirect life cycle of Nematodes, what is true of the infective stages?
a) L1 is usually infective to the final host and L3 to the IH
b) Adult stage is infective to the final host and L1 to the IH
c) L1 is infective to IH and L3 is infective to final host
d) None of the above

A

c) L1 is infective to IH and L3 to FH

130
Q

True or False
Toxocara Canis is a Nematode that has a direct life cycle, but can include paratenic hosts and transplacental proliferation

A

True

131
Q

What is true of the life cycle of Toxocara canis?
a) Indirect/comlex life cycle
b) Egg is the infective stage
c) No transplacental transmission
d) All of the above are correct

A

b) Egg is infective stage

132
Q

A sheep is infected with a nematode parasite, he ingested the L3, the adult developed in GIT, and he passed eggs in his feces. What is the infectious stage of this process?
a) Eggs in the feces
b) First stage of larva in the feces
c) Third stage larva in environment
d) None of the above

A

c) Third stage larva in environment

Intro to Micro (4 decks)

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