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HFCN > MICRO FINAL! > Flashcards

MICRO FINAL! Flashcards

1
Q

infection

A

colonization or invasion of the body by pathogens

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2
Q

disease

A

infection that results in any change from a normal state of health

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3
Q

etiology or etiology agent

A

cause of an infectious disease

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4
Q

pathogenesis

A

manner in which a disease develops in the host

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5
Q

primary (true) pathogen

A

causes disease in healthy individuals with normal immune defenses

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6
Q

secondary (opportunistic) pathogen

A

cause disease in immunocompromised individuals or when displaced

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7
Q

Two types of secondary pathogens?

A
  1. saprophytes in the environment

2. one’s own normal flora

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8
Q

normal flora also known as?

A

indigenous flora, normal microbiota, resident flora

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9
Q

the human body begins to be colonized by normal flora?

A

during and immediately after birth

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10
Q

local infection

A

microbes, its enzymes or toxins confined to a particular body site(target tissue)

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11
Q

focal infection

A

microbes disseminate from focus of infection, but target a specific body site

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12
Q

systemic infection

A

microbes or toxins disseminate throughout the body to several sites/organs via blood/lymph

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13
Q

synergism or mixed infection

A

microbes work together to digest host target tissue

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14
Q

asymptomatic

A

infection that produces no noticeable symptoms, but microbes are active and host acts as carrier

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15
Q

primary infection

A

acute infection that causes initial illness

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16
Q

acute infection

A

infection that has rapid onset and is short lived

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17
Q

secondary infection

A

opportunistic infection that occurs during or following another already existing primary infection

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18
Q

chronic infection

A

infection develops slowly, body reaction is less severe but disease is continual or recurrent for long periods

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19
Q

subacute infection

A

infection that is intermediate between an acute and a chronic infection

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20
Q

latent

A

infection in which microbes remain dormant in tissues for years without symptoms, but are periodically reactivated

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21
Q

nosocomial infection

A

infectious disease acquired through a stay in the hospital or other health care facility

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22
Q

teratogenic

A

birth defects caused by infectious agent or other agents(smoke,alcohol) that cross the placenta

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23
Q

sequela

A

a condition, pathologic effect such as arthritis as a consequence of an infectious disease

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24
Q

incubation period

A

time interval between initial contact with pathogen and 1st signs and symptoms of disease(1 or 2 weeks)

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25
Q

prodromal period

A

short period following incubation period in which symptoms are mild.
ex: aches, fatigue,koplik spots

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26
Q

period of illness

A

stage when disease is acute and patient exhibits signs and symptoms
ex. fever,chills,gi disturbances, myalgia

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27
Q

period of decline

A

signs and symptoms of the disease subside, lasts 1 to several days and patient is vulnerable to secondary infection

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28
Q

period of convalesence

A

period of recovery when patient regains his strength and body returns to a healthy state

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29
Q

signs

A

objective and measurable, noticed by observer

ex: fever, rash, increase WBC, decrease antibodies

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30
Q

symptoms

A

subjective, felt by patient

-ex: aches, pain, nausea, fatigue

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31
Q

reservoir

A

a host or environment that supports the survival, multiplication and spread of pathogens

*reservoir and host are not always the same. for example HAV reservoir is “humans” but its source is “food”

32
Q

Reservoirs of infectious agents

A
  1. Humans
  2. Animals
  3. Environment
33
Q

Humans

A

act as active or passive carriers to transmit infectious agents human to human directly or indirectly.

  • types of human carriers: asymptomatic, incubating, convalescent, chronic or latent carriers.
  • how humans can act as passive carriers: bed pans and eating utensils
34
Q

Animals

A

large animals or arthropod/insect/zoonotic infection transmit pathogen animal to human

  • biological vector: animals that actively participate in pathogens life cycle
    ex: mosquito-malaria
  • mechanical vector: animals body part transmits pathogens to human thru food or other means
    ex. bacillary dysentery
35
Q

Environment

A

-vehicles/contaminated materials such as air, water,soil,food,fomites,media, blood etc..

36
Q

fomite

A

any contaminated object

ex. door knob,penny,syringe,towel

37
Q

communicable disease

A

microbial disease spread from one host to another via direct or indirect contact

38
Q

non-communicable disease

A

microbial disease NOT spread from one host to another

39
Q

means of direct contact transmission

A
  1. horizontal
  2. vertical
  3. biological vector
  4. droplet
40
Q

horizontal

A

transmission occurs when one host physically contacts another host via touching, kissing, sex

41
Q

vertical

A

transmission is when an infectious agent is transmitted from parent to offspring via placenta or breast milk

42
Q

biological vector transmission

A

arthropod

ex: mosquito bites infected host and transmits agents to another host

43
Q

droplet tranmission

A

one host sprays respiratory secretions(mucus, saliva, sputum) on another host

44
Q

indirect contact transmission

A
  1. fomite
  2. food borne
  3. water borne
  4. other media
  5. droplet nuclei
  6. aerosol
45
Q

fomite transmission

A

an infected host contaminated an object

ex: doorknob=uninfected host touches it

46
Q

food borne transmission

A

food such as custard, contaminated with feces or urine is eaten

47
Q

water-borne transmission

A

infectious agent in water

ex. cholera is deposited w/ feces and ingested

48
Q

other media transmission

A

examples: iv fluid, blood,serum,milk

49
Q

droplet nuclei transmission( a type of air borne transmission)

A

-contaminated fine moisture droplets or dust particles that remain suspended in indoor air for long periods

50
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of frequency and spread of disease in a defined community or population

51
Q

prevalence

A

refers to the number of old or new cases(% of a population) having a disease over a given time period

52
Q

incidence

A

refers to the number of new cases contracting a disease over specific period of time

53
Q

epidemic

A

a disease introduced from the outside that affects a large number of people in a community simultaneously, many exhibit symptoms
ex: tuberculosis

54
Q

endemic

A

a disease prevailing continuously in a community, few exhibit symptoms
ex: common cold

55
Q

pandemic

A

a disease that spreads across continents

-worldwide ex: AIDS

56
Q

sporadic

A

a disease in which a few isolated cases occur in widespread locations
-ex: tetanus in US

57
Q

portal of entry

A

routes through which pathogens/microbes enter the body skin or mucous membranes

58
Q

various portals of entry

A
  1. resp route
  2. fecal oral route
  3. tranplacental route
  4. intact skin
  5. genitourinary route
  6. parenteral route
59
Q

resp route

A

contaminated moisture droplets or dust particles are inhaled through the rest. route.
ex. =measles

60
Q

fecal-oral route

A

food or water contaminated w/ feces or urine is ingested through the fecal-oral route
ex. cholera, HAV

61
Q

transplacental route

A

infectious agents are transmitted from mother to infant through the placenta or birth canal via tranplacental route
ex: rubella, HIV, toxoplasmosis, syphillis

62
Q

intact skin

A

microbes gain direct access to sterile tissues beneath the skin through hair follicles of sweat glands via the intact skin route.
-ex staphylococcal skin infections such as fununcles

63
Q

genitourinary route

A

sexual contact allows microbes to enter the body through the genitourinary route
ex: HIV, HBV, HPV

64
Q

parenteral route

A

microbes gain direct accèss to tissue beneath the skin or MMs through an injury or wound
ex: impetigo, cellulitis

65
Q

STORCH

A

an acronym that represents the most common transplacental infections of the fetus and neonate

66
Q

virulence

A

the degree of pathogenicity or the ability of the microbe to invade that host and or produce toxins

67
Q

virulence factors

A

properties possessed by microbe(esp bacteria) that allow it to attach, invade and evade host barriers to disease

68
Q

4 main categories of virulence factors:

A
  1. numbers of invading microbes or amount of toxin
  2. surface components on microbes
  3. exoenzyme
  4. toxin
69
Q

numbers of invading microbes or amount of toxin

A
  • lethal dose 50(LD50)=minimum amount of toxin to cause death in at least 50% of inoculated lab animals or a human population
  • infectious dose 50(ID50)= minimum number of microbes to cause death in at least 50% of inoculated lab animals or a human population
  • the lower the number of invading microbes or dose of toxin, the greater the virulence of the microbe
70
Q

surface components on microbes

A
  • allow microbes to attach and enter host cells or evade host defenses such as phagocytes(macrophages, neutrophils), cytotoxic T cells, antibodies, NK cells or complement
  • bacterial capsule, fimbriae, flagella, or cell wall M protein
  • protozoan=flagella or cillia
  • Helminth=hooks or suckers
  • viral spikes
  • abscesses(staph) or granulomas(TB)
71
Q

Exoenzyme

A
  • enzyme/protein products produced inside bacterial cells and released to outside body fluids
    1. coagulase: cause fibrin to clot(coagulates blood plasma)
    2. kinase: breaks down fibrin clots(aid in spread of bacteria)
    3. Hyaluronidase: breaks down Hyaluronic acid in CT
    4. Collagenase: breaks down collagen in muscle(aids spread of bacterium)
    5. Mucinase: ingests mucus coating on MMs
    6. IGA protease: cleaves and destroys IGA Abs(prevent MM adhesion)
72
Q

Toxin

A

poisonous substances produced by certain microbes and released into body fluids

  • conditions associated with bacterial toxins in the body
    1. toxemia=refers to toxins in the blood
    2. septcemia=refers to persistant pathogens or toxin in the blood
    3. Bacteriemia=refers to transient bacteria in the blood
    4. Viremia=refers to viruses in the blood
    5. intoxication=ingestion of toxins in food
    6. sepsis: refers to a systemic inflammatory response due to microbes or toxins in blood spreading from focus of infection
73
Q

two types of toxins produced or found in bacteria:

A

exotoxins and endotoxins

74
Q

exotoxins

A

soluble proteins produced inside bacterial cells(mainly g+) and released to body fluids
cytotoxin are exotoxins that kill a variety of host cells, certain exotoxins and give examples of each.
1.A-B toxins: B part binds host cells, A, active enzyme inhibits protein synthesis and destroys host cells
ex: diptheria toxin

  1. Membrane Disrupting Toxins: disrupts host membranes and lyse/kill host cells. ex. diphtheria toxin
  2. Superantigens: Toxin non-specifically binds TH cells which release cytokines—> destructive immune response
    ex. STAPH TSST-1 toxin
75
Q

endotoxin(lipid A)

A

released upon G- CW lysis/death by macrophages, and induce macrophages to secrete large amounts of cytokines in host body fluids at toxic levels, leading to destructive/damaging immune response

76
Q

list some important damaging immune responses in the human host that are due to endotoxins

A
  1. hemorraging under the skin
  2. DIC
  3. pyrogenic response
  4. endotoxic/septic shock
77
Q

Microbial diseases of the skin

A
  1. Diptheroids
  2. Staphylococci
  3. Malassezia Furfur

HFCN (8 decks)

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