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Microanatomy > Micro- embryology and gametogenesis > Flashcards

Micro- embryology and gametogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Trace the development of a zygote through gastrulation

A

Form a single cell zygote, compact mass of cells morula, fluid filled cysts with cells at the periphery Blastula, Bilaminar disk Early gastrula, Trilaminar disk to tube shape Late gastrula.

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2
Q

This is the nucleus of sperm of egg cell during the process of fertilization. These do not fuse but however their genetic material does. These will form the singl diplod nucleus resulting in an embryo. The zygote will contain male and female ___.

A

male and female pronuclei

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3
Q

This is the division of cells in the early embryo. The zygote undergoes rapid cell cycles with no significant growth producing clusters of cells.

A

This is known as cleavage

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4
Q

This is A cluster of blastomeres. The zona pellucida is still intact in this structure.

A

Morula

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5
Q

In this structure the cavity begins to form , inner and outer masses are present.

A

blastocyst

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6
Q

This forms the embryo

A

inner cell mass

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7
Q

This forms the dorsal layer of the embryo

A

epiblast

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8
Q

This forms the ventral layer of the embryo

A

hyoblast

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9
Q

This is an outer cell mass that forms the placenta

A

trophoblast

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10
Q

Formation of three germ layers and the primitive axial organs (___ ____,____ ____,_____, _______ ____) Begins with the formation of the primitive streak in the epiblast (cranial and caudal aspects are now established.

A

neural tube, notochord, somites, primitive gut. This is known as gastrulation

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11
Q

Epithelium, nervous tissue and neural crest cell is found in?

A

ectoderm

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12
Q

connective tissue, muscle, endothelium, mesothelium, urogenital system. This area is formed from cells migrating from the primitive streak

A

mesoderm

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13
Q

This is the epithelium of digestive tract and respiratory system

A

endoderm

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14
Q

Any agent or factor that can cause congenital anomalies in an embryo or fetus that is caused by; genetic factors , radiation, hormones, chemical agents, and infectous agents

A

Teratogen

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15
Q

Parent of all cells, differentiate into all cells

A

totipotent

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16
Q

differentiate into specific cells

A

pluripotent /multipotent

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17
Q

differentiate into a specific cell line (bone marrow and blood cells)

A

unipotent

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18
Q

When organs begin to form and migrate to specific sites

A

migration

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19
Q

this is the process by which an immature cell reaches maturity

A

differentiation

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20
Q

The “skeleton” or threshold of all organs (structures that keep the organ in place)

A

mesenchyme

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21
Q

List the 4 divisions of mesoderm based on their position in the embryo.

A

Axial
paraxial
intermediate and lateral plate

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22
Q

4 divisions of mesoderm : The formation of the notochord

A

Axial

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23
Q

4 divisions of mesoderm:Somites!! somite-division of animal’s body giving rise to muscle, cartilage, tendons, and dermis (limbs and vertebrae).
Dermatome=?
Myotome=?
Sclerotome=?

A

Paraxial
dermis
muscle
cartilage and splanchnic mesoderms

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24
Q

4 divisions of mesoderm:genital and urinary systems

A

intermediate

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25
Q

4 divisions of mesoderm:somatic and splanchnic mesoderms

A

lateral plate

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26
Q

Predifferentiation stage: embryo dies
Organogenesis stage: structural defects
Fetal growth stage : affects functional maturation

These are examples of?

A

Teratogenic influences on development

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27
Q

cleft palate, umbilical hernia, spina bifida,atrial septal defect are all examples of?

A

common developmental anomalies

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28
Q

Abnormalities of testicular descent: This is when the testis fail to descend into the scrotum. This is inherited as a sex-limited autosomal recessive trait.

A

cryptorchidism

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29
Q

Cryptorchidism can be unilateral=

or bilateral=

A

unilateral=fertile

bilateral=sterile, but has normal sexual behavior

30
Q

This is another abnormality of testicular descent and is a type of iguinal____ causing a congenital weakness in the abdominal wall.

A

hernia, Scrotal hernia

31
Q

gametogenesis: Primitive sex cells: ______,___- have complete DNA compliment. ____ results in more of these primitive sex cells

A

spermatogonia and oogonia. MITOSIS

32
Q

____ AND _____ Meiosis- purpose is to insure variation and provide____ of chromosomes (____ number) both in male (1N) and female (1N) sex cells= (____)

A

spermatocyte, oocyte, 1/2, haploid, gametes

33
Q

The joining of sex cells is____ which creates a ____, restores the DNA complement (2N) and initiates ___

A

fertilization, zygote, cleavage

34
Q

This process results in the formation of 2 daughter cells each having ______(2N) set of chromosomes, This is the same # of chromosomes as in the mother cell

A

DIPLOID- Mitosis

35
Q

This process has 2____ divisions. This results in daughter cells which have half the parental number of chromosomes (____) 1N. These are called gametes.

A

meiotic ,HAPLOID

36
Q

GAMETES ARE ____

A

HAPLOID

37
Q

Goals of ____: reduction of diploid set chromosomes into haploid gametes.

A

meiosis

38
Q

In meiosis there is an exchange of genetic material between male female chromatids in _____of meiosis I (crossing over).

A

PROPHASE

39
Q

Meiosis: the mixing from prophase results in ___ ___ cells with ____ different genetic makeups

A

4 daughter cells with 4 different genetic makeups

40
Q

Common features of gametogenesis: oogenesis and spermatogenesis have features in common, both involve: ___ of spermatogonia and oogonia. The process of ____. Extensive morphological differentiation. And incapacity of surviving for very long if____ does not occur.

A

multiplication. meiosis. fertilization.

41
Q

Basic plan of oogenesis: 1.this occurs in the____. oogonia -prenatal mitosis and differentiation.

A

ovary

42
Q

2.All are ____ oocytes(4N) arrested in meiosis I until puberty when _____ occcurs. At olvulation _____ _ is completed except for dogs and mares (these ovulate primary oocytes)

A

primary oocytes, FOLLICULOGENESIS, meiosis I

43
Q
  1. In uterine tube ___ oocyte(2N) awaits fertilization . (1st polar body present) . Meiosis II is completed when ____ ____ . The result is an ___ (1N) and a 2nd polar body (1N).
A

secondary oocyte, sperm contact, ovum

44
Q

What is the result from Meiosis II?

A

an ovum (1N) and a 2nd polar body (1N)

45
Q

Folliculogenesis: Primordal follicles = ___ __ : oocyte I and single layer of _____ follicular cells

A

resting follicles, squamous

46
Q

Activated or growing follicles; zona pellucida forms. These are known as ?

A

primary follicles

47
Q

one antrum containing liquor follicle, they have eccentric cumulus oophorus, containing a PRIMARY OOCYTE

A

Tertiary mature (Graafian) follicle

48
Q

These follicles are secretory = antral follicles, fluid filled spaces are formed among the granulosa cells

A

secondary follicles

49
Q

This is when the follicular space fills with blood and clots . This bloody body will be replaced by infiltrating luteal cells to become the___ ___

A

corpus hemorrhagicum, corpus luteum.

50
Q

This is also known as a “yellow body and produces PROGESTERONE (pregnancy maintaining hormone) and some estrogen. ___ (large) luteal cells and __(small) luteal cells occupy space left by the ruptured follicle.

A

corpus luteum

granulosa luteal cells and theca luteal cells

51
Q

The corpus luteum regresses during ____ forming a connective tissue scar known as corpus___(white body)

A

diestrus, corpus albicans

52
Q

This is a follicle not selected to complete maturation , undergoes programmed destruction , this is the fate of many follicles

A

Atretic follicle

53
Q

During ovulation the oocyte___ the ovary leaving behind a structure know as the corpus ___________ that becomes the _____ ____ of theca and granulosa cells.

A

departs
Corpus hemorrhagicum
corpus luteum

54
Q

Spermatogenesis plan: spermatocytogenesis=spermatogenesis .This begins with a _____ (2n) mitosis; differentiate –>into a ____ spermatocyte (4n) meiosis I (crossover) –> 2____ spermatocytes(2n) meiosis II—> 4 ____(1n) DO NOT DIVIDE. but undergo spermiogenesis (metamorphosis) —> 4 _____ (sperms, sperm cell)

A 
spermatogonium
primary spermatocyte
secondary spermatocyte
spermatids
spermatozoa
55
Q

Functions of sertoli cells:

  • Activated by ___-___ hormone
  • secrete ____(anti mullerian hormone) during fetal development to inhibit uterus formation
  • secrete_____ to bind testosterone , increase concentration in seminiferous tubules and stimulate spermatogenesis.
  • provide___, protection, and possibly___ until spermatids become transformed into mature spermatozoa.
A

FSH follicle stimulating
AMH
ABP andogen bining protein
support, nutrition

56
Q

Spermatogenesis :spermatogonia remain dormant until ___ then they proliferate by ___ division

A

puberty , mitotic

57
Q

Oogenesis: oogonia ____ their proliferation in the early embryonic stage

A

complete

58
Q

In spermatogenesis meiosis is completed within the

A

testis

59
Q

By birth all oognia entered meiosis I but their development is arrested in meiosis I until ____. Thus females are born with____ ____

A

puberty, primary oocytes

60
Q

Each spermatogonium gives rise to ____ spermatozoa

A

multiple

61
Q

One oocyte gives rise to___ ovum

A

one

62
Q

spermatids undergo_____ while ova do not.

A

metamorphosis

63
Q

spermatogenesis may continue throughout the whole life of the animal and in oogenesis meiosis is complete in the ____ (____ tube)

A

salpinx (fallopian tube)

64
Q

oogenesis stops after ovary is exhausted of germ cells this occurs between 10-12 years for ___ , 14-16 years for___ and 20-22 years for ___.

A

dogs
cattle
mares

65
Q

Fertilization -Sperm.

  1. _____ -occurs in uterine environment (plasma membrane over acrosome is destabilized and breaks down together with acrosomal membrane)
    - sperm cells gain ability to fertilize the oocyte
    - Only ____ sperms can undergo acrosome reaction
A

capacitation, capacitated

66
Q

Fertilization -Sperm
2. ____ ____= release of ____ enzymes to digest way through the zona pellucida
The sperm contacts the oocyte (most common in the fallopian tube.)

A

acrosomal reaction, acrosomal enzymes

67
Q

Fertilization- Sperm

3. _____ of sperm plasma membrane with plasma membrane (vitelline membrane) of oocyte.

A

Fusion

68
Q

Fertilization - Ovum (oocyte II)

-cortex of oocyte below oolemma contains____ granules

A

cortical granules

69
Q

Fertilization- ovum
Sperm contact with oocyte plasma membrane causes release of ___ from the cortical granules which modify the zona pellucida, The zona pellucida is then a ___ to other sperm penetration.

A

proteases

barrier

70
Q

Fertilization- Ovum

  • ___ wave causes oocyte to complete meiosis II -now 1N
  • nuclear material of sperm and ootid are called ___/___ ___
A

Ca++

male /female pronuclei

71
Q

This is a union of male and female pronuclei . They merge restoring diploid (zygote) set of chromosomes and enter first ___ division
1N+1N=2N, this make a ___

A

Syngamy,
mitotic
zygote

Microanatomy (1 decks)

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