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COMLEX > Micro COMLEX review > Flashcards

Micro COMLEX review Flashcards

1
Q

Bugs that don’t gram stain?

A

Treponema, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma, Mycobacteria, Listeria, Chlamydia (These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color)

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2
Q

Obligate Aerobes?

A

Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium TB, Bacillus (These Nagging Pests Must Breathe)

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3
Q

Obligate Anaerobes?

A

Clostridium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces (Can’t Breathe Air)

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4
Q

Intracellular bugs?

A

Ricketsia, Chlaymidia, Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycbacterium, Listeria, Francicella, Legionella, Yersinis pestis ( when its Really Cold Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY)

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5
Q

Bugs with Capsules?

A

Strep pnemo, Haemophilus influenza B, Neisseria meningitis, E.coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, group B strep. (SHiNE SKiS)

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6
Q

Catalase + bugs?

A

Pseudomonas, Literia, Aspergillus, Candida, E. coli, Staph aureus, Serratia (cats need PLACESS)

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7
Q

Protein A MOA?

A

binds the FC portion of Ig and prevents opsonizaion, thus prevents PHAGOCYTOSIS! (S. aureus)

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8
Q

IgA protease MOA?

A

cleaves IgA (S. pneumo, H. influ, Neisseria)

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9
Q

M protein MOA?

A

prevents phagocytosis. (S pyogenes). This is what causes Rhuematic fever

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10
Q

What is endotoxin?

A

inside the walls of gram (-) bacteria. It is part of the LPS. Protein A is the core and it is the antigen.

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11
Q

What is exotoxin?

A

Proteins that get released from the bacteria. Exotoxins are released by all the major gram + bacteria except Listeria.

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12
Q

exotoxin: diptheria toxin?

A

inactivates EF2, whick will stop protein synthesis. (Corneybacterium diptheriae)

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13
Q

exotoxin: exotoxin A?

A

MOA: EF2 (stops protein synth = cell death). Pseudomonas aurigenosa

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14
Q

exotoxin: Shiga toxin?

A

MOA: inactivates 60S ribosome, invades intestinal mucosa = bloody diarrhea, HUS. Shigella

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15
Q

exotoxin: Shiga-like toxin?

A

MOA: inactivates 60s ribosome, bloody diarrhea, HUS.

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16
Q

exotoxins that inhibit protein synth?

A

diptheria toxin (corneybaceria), Exotoxin A (pseudomonas), Shiga toxin, Shiga-like toxin (EHEC)

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17
Q

Exotoxins that increase fluid secretion?

A

Heat labile, heat stable, choleara toxin, edema factor.

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18
Q

exotoxin: heat labile?

A

+ cAMP = increased Cl-H20 secretion = Diarrhea (ETEC)

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19
Q

exotoxin: heat stabile?

A

+ cGMP = decreased NaCl absorption = Diarrhea (ETEC)

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20
Q

exotoxin: edema factor?

A

+ cAMP (Bacillus anthrax)

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21
Q

exotoxin: cholear toxin?

A

permanetly switches on Gs = increased Cl-H2O secretion = RICE WATER DIARRHEA!

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22
Q

Pertussis toxin: MOA, SX

A

disables Gi so it is permanetly turned on = + cAMP. SX Whooping cough

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23
Q

Tetanus toxin: MOA

A

cleaves the SNARE protein and prevents release of inhibitor toxin GABA = lock jaw

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24
Q

Botulism toxin: MOA

A

cleaves the SNARE protein and prevents release of ACh = floppy baby, flaccid paralysis.

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25
Q

Streptolycin O: MOA

A

degrades the cell membrane (lyses), Ab against it is used to dx rhuematic fever. (S. pyogenes)

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26
Q

Alpha toxin: MOA

A

degrades the phospholipid cell wall (Clostridium perfrengens = gas gangrene)

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27
Q

TSST-1 toxin: MOA

A

binds MHC to T-cell receptor ouside antigen binding site = massive release of IFN-y and IL-2. (S. aureus)

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28
Q

Endotoxin from what structure, and made of what?

A

LPS, made from the core of Lipid A

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29
Q

F+ plasmid: MOA?

A

contains genes for sex pili and congugation.

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30
Q

Transductin general vs. specific?

A

general: bacterial DNA gets packaged with viral. Specific: bacterial DNA get integrated WITH viral DNA.

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31
Q

Staph aureus: virulance factors?

A

Protein A (binds FC on Ig –prevents phagocytosis. TSST-1,

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32
Q

Staph epidermidis: virulance, complications?

A

biofilm, sticks on prosthetic devices! (heart valves, hip replacements, etc)

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33
Q

Strep pneumo: virulance, complications?

A

capsule, IgA protease. “MOPS” = meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia, sinutitis

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34
Q

Strep pyogenes: virulance, complications?

A

M protein (rhuematic fever), pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, glomerulonephritis, rhuemtic fever.

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35
Q

JONES criteria for rhuematic fever?

A

Joints (arthritis), carditis, Nodules (sub-q), Erythema marginatum, Sydenhams chorea

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36
Q

Strep agalactae (group B): SX

A

B for BABIES! Colonizes vagina if mother is infected, passes to baby during delivery. SX: meningitis, pneumonia, septicemia

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37
Q

Strep bovis? SX

A

bacteremia, endocarditis…. Bovis in blood = cancer in the colon!

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38
Q

Corneybacterium diptheria: gram, MOA, SX

A

gram +, EF2 block protein synth = cell death. SX: pseudomembranous pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, bull neck, myocarditis.

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39
Q

Spore forming bugs?

A

Bacillus, Clostridium, Coxciella bunetti

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40
Q

Clostridum perfrengens: gram, MOA, SX

A

gram +, alpha toxin (lecithinase). SX: gas gangrene

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41
Q

C. diff: gram, toxin, SX

A

gram +, toxin A,B. SX: diarrhea MOA: overgrowth due to antibiotic use

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42
Q

Bacillus cereus: gram, MOA, SX

A

gram +, MOA: spores in warm RICE. SX: N/V diarrhea in 1-5 hours!!!!

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43
Q

Listeria: MOA, SX

A

gram +, toxin on deli meat/cheese. SX: diarrhea, spontaneous abortion, neonatal meningitis.

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44
Q

Actinomyces israeli: DX, SX

A

gram +, normal oral flora, “yellow sulfur granules”. SX: facial absecess

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45
Q

Nocardia: DX, SX

A

acid fast. SX: pulmonary infection in immuno compromised

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46
Q

Mycobacterium TB: DX, MOA

A

DX acid fast (gram -), mycolic acid in the cell wall. MOA: Cord factor: inhibits macrophage, Sulfatides: inhibit lysosom-phagosome fusion.

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47
Q

Mycobacterium TB: SX

A

1’: lung infection. 2’ re-infection: night sweats, fever, hempotysis (blood sputum).

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48
Q

Identifying diagnostic characteristics of TB?

A

1’ Ghon complex (ghon focus + hilar lymphadenopathy). 2’ caseating granulomas in apex (usuall)

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49
Q

Complication of systemic TB?

A

Pott’s disease (infects vertebrae)

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50
Q

Mycobacteria leprae: DX

A

acid fast rod. Armadillo is the reservoir

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51
Q

N. Meningitis: DX, SX

A

DX: gram -, diplococci, ferments maltose & glucose, Chocolate & blood agar. SX: meningitis, waterhouse-fridricksen syndrome.

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52
Q

Waterhouse freidricksen syndrome? CX, SX

A

CX: N. meningitis SX: massive adrenal hemorrhage (damages renal gland), hypotension. DIC can occur too.

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53
Q

N. gonorrhea: DX, SX

A

DX: gram -, diploccci, ferments glucose, chocolate agar. SX: gonorrhea, arthritis, neo-natal conjunctivitis, PID, Fitz-Hugh-Curtis synd.

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54
Q

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome?

A

thinning of the cervix allows vaginal bacteria to spread into the uterus and oviduct, can scar tissu on Glisons capsule.

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55
Q

H. influenza: DX, SX

A

DX: gram - pleomorphic cocci, chocolate agar. SX: “EMOP”: epiglotitis, meningitis, otitis media, pheumonia.

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56
Q

H. influenza: MOA

A

IgA protease, Type B has a capsule. Spreads via aerosol droplets.

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57
Q

Legionella pneumophilia: DX, SX

A

DX: buffered charcoal agar w/ cysteine, iron. SX: severe pneumonia. TXN: contaminated water

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58
Q

Pseudomonas aureginosa: DX, SX

A

DX: gram - rod, oxidase +. SX: “PSEUDO”, burn pts. Pneumonia, Sepeis, External otitis, UTI, Drug use Disbetic Osteomyelitis.

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59
Q

Pseudomonas aureginosa: MOA

A

endotoxin A (EF2) stops protein synth

60
Q

E. Coli: DX subtypes

A

gram - rod, lactose +, indole +. Subtypes: EIEC, ETEC, EPEC, EHEC

61
Q

EIEC: moa

A

invades inestinal mucosa = bloody diarrhea (I= invasive)

62
Q

ETEC: moa

A

labile (+ cAMP), stabile (+ cGMP) toxins = diarrhea

63
Q

EPEC: moa

A

adheres to intestinal villi and flatens them = H20 not absorbed = diarrhea. (P= pediatric)

64
Q

EHEC: TXN, MOA

A

TXN: undercooked beef/pork. MOA: shiga like toxin = bloody diarrhea (inactivates 60s ribosome, GI mucosa damage)

65
Q

Klebsiella: DX, MOA

A

DX: gram - rod, lactose +, indole -. SX: bloody ‘currant jelly’ sputum. Lobar penumonia due to aspiration. Usually seen in elderly and alcoholics.

66
Q

Salmonella: DX, MOA

A

DX: gram - rod, lactose -, oxidase -, H2S +. Flagella (salmon swim!), invades intestinal mucosa = bloody diarrhea

67
Q

Shigella: DX, MOA

A

DX: gram - rod, lactose -, oxidase -H2S -. Invades intestinal mucosa = bloody diarrhea

68
Q

Campylobacter jejuni: DX, MOA

A

DX: gram - comma shaped, oxidase +. Stable at high temps (42C, 107F), TXN: undercooked beef/chicken = bloody diarrhea.

69
Q

Vibrio cholorea: DX, MOA

A

DX: gram -, oxidase +. MOA: Gs + cAMP = RICE water diarrhea!

70
Q

Which are the spirochetes bugs?

A

Boriella, Leptospira, Treponema

71
Q

Boreiella burgdorferi: SX, TXN

A

SX: lyme disease bull’e eye rash. TXN: Ixodes tick. Reservoir = mouse

72
Q

Treponema pallidum: SX

A

shyphillus. SX: 1’ painless ulcer. 2’ systemic rash on palms and soles. 3’ gumma, aortitis, neurosyphillus, argyl robertson pupil (prostitutes)

73
Q

Congenital syphillus: SX, DX

A

hutchinson teeth, saber shins, sadle nose, CN-8 deafness. VDRL, ELISA confirmatory

74
Q

Q-fever: CX

A

coxciella burnetti: cattle/sheep placenta

75
Q

Parrot fever: CX

A

Chlamydophilis psittaci

76
Q

Pasturella multocids: SX

A

animal bites = cellulitis, osteomyelitis

77
Q

Ricketsia prosasaki: SX

A

epidemic typhus (louse): rash starts on trunk and spreads outward.

78
Q

ricketsia ricketsii: SX

A

Rky Mtn spotted fever: starts on periphery and spreads toward trunk.

79
Q

yersenia pestis: SX

A

plague

80
Q

Gardenilla vaginalis: SX

A

gray discharge, fish odor, clue cells (epithelial cells covered in bacteria). “I don’t have a CLUE why I smell FISH in the vagina GARDEN.”

81
Q

Chlaymidia: infection, replication cycle

A

elementary bodies = infectious. Reticular bodies = replicating

82
Q

Chlaymidia: SX

A

reactive arthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis

83
Q

Mycoplasma pneumonia: DX, SX

A

DX: cold agglutinin (IgM), gram - (no cell wall). SX: #1 cause of ATYPICAL pneumonia: slow onset, no sputum.

84
Q

Histoplasmosis: TXN, MX

A

TXN: Mississippi, Ohio river valleys. From: bird/bat dropings. MX: histo hides IN the macrophages.

85
Q

Blastomycosis: DX, Location, SX

A

“broad base budding yeast”. East of Mississippi. SX: granulomatous nodules 70% lung infections.

86
Q

Coccidiodomycosis: Location, DX, SX

A

SW U.S. (san juaquin valley california). DX: spherule full of endospores. SX: pneumonia, meningitis

87
Q

Paracoccidiomycosis: location, DX

A

S. America. DX: captain’s wheel.

88
Q

Tinea versicolor: CX, DX

A

CX: Malasezia furfur. DX: spaghetti and meatballs on KOH prep. SX: hypo pigmentation.

89
Q

Candida: who, SX?

A

who: immuno compromised. SX: ortal, esophageal thrush, vulvovaginalis, diaper rash.

90
Q

Aspergillus: who, DX

A

who: immuno compromised, chronic granulomatous disease, can get in lung cavity fromTB pt. DX: hyphae that branch at 45’. A= aspergillus, acute angle

91
Q

Cryptococcus: DX, TXN

A

DX: encapsulated yeast (it’s in a crypt), stains w/ India ink. TXN: pigeon poop

92
Q

Pneumocystis jerovecii: who, SX

A

who: immuno compromise (AIDS) <200 CD4. SX: interstitial pneumonia (diffuse infiltrates on x-ray)

93
Q

Sporothrix schneckii: TXN, SX

A

TXN: “rose gardner’s thumb. SX: ulceration with ascending lymphedema.

94
Q

Giardia: TXN

A

contaminated water (beavers in the water)

95
Q

Giardia: DX

A

trophotoite or cyst in the stool

96
Q

Giardia: SX

A

very foul, greasy stool

97
Q

Entamoeba: TXN

A

water

98
Q

Entamoeba: SX

A

bloody diarrhea, liver abscess

99
Q

Entamoeba: DX

A

multi-nucleate cyst in stool

100
Q

Cryptosporidium: TXN

A

contaminated water

101
Q

Cryptosporidium: DX

A

acit fast cysts

102
Q

Cryptosporidium: SX

A

diarrhea, especially in AIDS pts

103
Q

Toxoplamsosis: DX

A

ring shaped lesions on CT scan

104
Q

Toxoplasmosis: SX

A

intracranial calcifications, hydrocephalus, retinitis

105
Q

Toxoplasmosis: TXN

A

cat poop

106
Q

Trypanisoma brucei: TXN

A

Tsttse fly.

107
Q

Trypanosoma brucei: SX

A

“African sleeping sickness” coma, somnolence

108
Q

Plasmodium Vivax: SX

A

regular fever patterns: 1 and 3 days, dormant form “hypnozoite” in the liver. DX: signet ring shape

109
Q

Plasmodium falciparum: SX

A

irregular fever patterns, DX: parasites in RBC

110
Q

Babesia: CX, DX, SX

A

CX: Ixodes tick DX: blood smear, ring, maltese cross. SX: fever, hemolytic anemia

111
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: CX, DX, SX

A

CX: kissing bug “Chagas disease” DX: 2 forms: Trypomastigote in the blood (t in b), Amastigote in the tissue, this is what causes tissue death. SX: C’s: children, chagoma, cardiac, colon, cruzi

112
Q

Leishmannia brazilinsis: SX

A

SX: mucocutaneous (kid with massive face cavity)

113
Q

Leishmania donovani: SX

A

SX: black skin, hepato/spleno megaly

114
Q

Leishmania: CX, DX

A

CX: sand fly DX: macrophage containing amastigotes

115
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis: DX, SX

A

DX: green vaingal discharge, foul smelling. SX: burn, itchy, stingy TXN: sexual

116
Q

Wucheria bancrofti: TXN, SX

A

TXN: female mosquito SX: elaphantitis (big balls!) MOA: block lymph vessels

117
Q

Enterobius vermicularis: TXN, DX, SX

A

TXN: fecal-oral. DX: scotch tape test SX: peri-anal itching

118
Q

Taenia Solium: TXN, SX

A

TXN: pork tape worm = undercooked pork. SX: cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis

119
Q

Diphyllobotherum latum: TXN, SX

A

TXN: raw fresh water fish. SX: anemia, the worm takes most of the Vit B12

120
Q

Schistasoma: TXN, SX

A

TXN: enter through the skin. SX: liver and spleen granulomas

121
Q

Schistasoma haematobrium: SX?

A

bladder cancer

122
Q

Chlonorchis sinensis: TXN, SX

A

TXN: undercooked fish. SX: pigmented gallstones

123
Q

Paragonimus westermani: TXN, SX

A

TXN: undercooked crab SX: lung infection w/ hemoptysis

124
Q

Schistosoma mansoni: SX

A

portal hypertension

125
Q

AIDS CD4 <500

A

candida, kaposi

126
Q

AIDS CD4 <200

A

pneumocystis jerovecii, histoplasmosis

127
Q

AIDS CD4 <100

A

Toxoplasmosis, Cryptosporidosis, cryptococcus

128
Q

AIDA CD4 <50

A

Mycbacterium avium complex (MAC), and CMV

129
Q

Non-typical pneumonia is caused by?

A

MLS: Mycoplasma pneumonia, Legionella, Chlamydia pneumonia

130
Q

Meningitis in babies: CX

A

group B strep (strep agalactae)

131
Q

Meningitis #1 cause in everyone (not babies, not teens)?

A

Strep pneumonia

132
Q

meningitis #1 cause in teens?

A

Neisseria meningitis

133
Q

CSF findings for bacterial infection?

A

increased PMN, increased protein, decreased glucose

134
Q

CSF findings for viral infection?

A

increased lymphocytes, normal protein, normal glucose

135
Q

Genetic drift causes?

A

epidemic

136
Q

Genetic shift causes?

A

pandemic

137
Q

Rubella rash?

A

starts on upper TRUNK and spreads down

138
Q

Rubella AKA?

A

german measles

139
Q

Rubella SX?

A

trunkal rash that starts at head and moves down.

140
Q

Rubella congenital?

A

cataract, cardiact, deafness

141
Q

Measles rash?

A

rash starts at head and moves down, including HANDS and FEET! C’s: cough, conjunctivits, coryza, koplick spots, photophobia

142
Q

Diptheria toxin: MOA, SX

A

EF2 which blocks protein synthesis (exotoxin A is also EF2). SX: bull neck, psudomembranous pharyngitis

143
Q

Exotoxin A?

A

EF2 which blocks protein synthesis (diptheria toxin is also EF2).

144
Q

Shiga toxin? CX, SX

A

CX: Shigella DX: inactivates 60s in Gi = Bloody Diarrhea!

145
Q

Tetanospasmin toxin?

A

cleaves the SNARE protein and prevents release of GABA (which inhibits muscle tone), thus you get “lock jaw”

146
Q

Shiga-like toxin? MOA, CX, SX

A

MOA: permanetly switches on Gs = + cAMP = increased Cl-H20 excretion = RICE WATER diarrhea!

COMLEX (3 decks)

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